Species	Introduction	Root	Stem	Leaf	Flower	Seed	Fruit	Summary	Chrom	Tica_id	Wiki_url
Ambrosia artemisiifolia	Annuals, 20-150 cm. Stems erect. Leaves opposite and alternate; petiole 2.5-3.5(-6) cm; blade deltate to lanceolate or elliptic, 2.5-5.5(-9) × 2-3(-5) cm, pinnately 1- or 2-lobed, abaxially sparsely pilosulose to strigillose, adaxially strigillose, both surfaces gland-dotted, base cuneate, ultimate margin entire or toothed. Female capitula clustered, proximal to male; floret 1. Male capitula: peduncles 0.5-1.5 mm; involucres shallowly cup-shaped (usually without black veins), 2-3 mm in diam., glabrous or hispid to pilosulose; florets 12-20. Burs ± globose to pyriform, 2-3 mm, ± pilosulose, spines or tubercles 3-5, near middle or apex, conical to acerose, 0.1-0.5 mm, tips straight. Fl. Jul-Oct, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 34, 36.	NA	Stems erect	Leaves opposite and alternate; petiole 2.5-3.5(-6) cm; blade deltate to lanceolate or elliptic, 2.5-5.5(-9) × 2-3(-5) cm, pinnately 1- or 2-lobed, abaxially sparsely pilosulose to strigillose, adaxially strigillose, both surfaces gland-dotted, base cuneate, ultimate margin entire or toothed.	Female capitula clustered, proximal to male; floret 1. Male capitula: peduncles 0.5-1.5 mm; involucres shallowly cup-shaped (usually without black veins), 2-3 mm in diam., glabrous or hispid to pilosulose; florets 12-20. Burs ± globose to pyriform, 2-3 mm, ± pilosulose, spines or tubercles 3-5, near middle or apex, conical to acerose, 0.1-0.5 mm, tips straight.	NA	It produces 2–4 mm obconic green to brown fruit.	Annuals, 20-150 cm.Fl. Jul-Oct, fr. Sep-Oct.	2n = 34, 36.	1087823	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida	Annuals, 30-150 cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly opposite; petiole 10-30(-70) mm; blade orbicular-deltate to ovate or elliptic, 4-15(-25) × 3-7(-20) cm, usually some palmately 3(-5)-lobed, both surfaces scaberulose and gland-dotted, base truncate to cuneate, sometimes decurrent onto petiole, margin usually toothed, rarely entire. Female capitula clustered, proximal to male; floret 1. Male capitula: peduncles 1-3 mm; involucres saucer-shaped, 2-4 mm in diam., scaberulose; florets 3-25. Bur pyramidal, 3-5(-7) mm, glabrous or glabrate, spines 4 or 5, apical, acerose, 0.5-1 mm, tips straight. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Nov. 2n = 24, 48.	NA	Stems erect.	Leaves mostly opposite; petiole 10-30(-70) mm; blade orbicular-deltate to ovate or elliptic, 4-15(-25) × 3-7(-20) cm, usually some palmately 3(-5)-lobed, both surfaces scaberulose and gland-dotted, base truncate to cuneate, sometimes decurrent onto petiole, margin usually toothed, rarely entire.	Female capitula clustered, proximal to male; floret 1. Male capitula: peduncles 1-3 mm; involucres saucer-shaped, 2-4 mm in diam., scaberulose; florets 3-25. Bur pyramidal, 3-5(-7) mm, glabrous or glabrate, spines 4 or 5, apical, acerose, 0.5-1 mm, tips straight.	NA	NA	Annuals, 30-150 cm.Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Nov.	2n = 24, 48.	1084559	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_trifida
Ambrosia x helenae	Ambrosia x helenae is a hybrid species of eudicot in the family Asteraceae (daisy family). sample from hybrid Ambrosia artemisiifolia x Ambrosia trifida	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1100890	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_x_helenae
Arctium lappa	Herbs to 2 m tall, biennial. Stem purplish, erect, stout, apically branched, sparsely cobwebby; branches ascending. Leaves abaxially grayish white or pale green and thinly felted, adaxially green, sparsely strigose, and yellow gland-dotted. Basal leaves with petiole ca. 32 cm; leaf blade broadly heart-shaped, ca. 30 × 21 cm, margin entire and repand to mucronulate denticulate. Cauline leaves similar to basal leaves or ovate; uppermost cauline leaves ovate to shallowly cordate, smaller. Capitula few to many, ± corymbose. Involucre ovoid, 1.5-2 cm in diam., glabrous except for minute glandular hairs. Phyllaries all with a hooked apex; outer phyllaries triangular to lanceolate-subulate, ca. 15 × 1 mm; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to linear-subulate, ca. 15 × 1.5-3 mm. Corolla purplish red, ca. 1.4 cm, tube ca. 8 mm. Achene pale brown variegated with dark brown or concolorous, narrowly sometimes obliquely obovoid, 5-7 mm, multistriate. Pappus bristles to 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 18, 34, 36.	NA	Stem purplish, erect, stout, apically branched, sparsely cobwebby; branches ascending.	Leaves abaxially grayish white or pale green and thinly felted, adaxially green, sparsely strigose, and yellow gland-dotted. Basal leaves with petiole ca. 32 cm; leaf blade broadly heart-shaped, ca. 30 × 21 cm, margin entire and repand to mucronulate denticulate. Cauline leaves similar to basal leaves or ovate; uppermost cauline leaves ovate to shallowly cordate, smaller. Capitula few to many, ± corymbose. Involucre ovoid, 1.5-2 cm in diam, glabrous except for minute glandular hairs. Phyllaries all with a hooked apex; outer phyllaries triangular to lanceolate-subulate, ca. 15 × 1 mm; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to linear-subulate, ca. 15 × 1.5-3 mm.	Corolla purplish red, ca. 1.4 cm, tube ca. 8 mm. Achene pale brown variegated with dark brown or concolorous, narrowly sometimes obliquely obovoid, 5-7 mm, multistriate. Pappus bristles to 3.5 mm.	NA	The capitula are surrounded by an involucre made out of many bracts, each curving to form a hook, allowing the mature fruits to be carried long distances on the fur of animals. The fruits are achenes; they are long, compressed, with short pappus hairs.	Herbs to 2 m tall, biennial.Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep.	2n = 18, 34, 36.	1095203	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctium_lappa
Arctium minus	Plants to 50–300 cm. Basal leaves: petioles hollow (sometimes only at base), 15–50 cm, thinly to densely cobwebby; blades 30–60 × 15–35 cm, coarsely dentate to subentire (rarely deeply dissected), abaxially ± thinly gray-tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely short-hairy. Heads in racemiform or paniculiform clusters, sessile to pedunculate. Peduncles 0–9.5 cm. Involucres 15–40 mm diam. Phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, glabrous to densely cobwebby, inner often purplish tinged, margins often minutely serrate with fine teeth, puberulent with glandular and or eglandular hairs. Florets 30+; corollas purple, pink, or white, 7.5–12 mm, glabrous or limb glandular-puberulent. Cypselae dark brown or with darker spots, 5–8 mm; pappus bristles 1–3.5 mm. 2n = 32 (Germany), 36 (as A. nemorosum).	NA	NA	Basal leaves: petioles hollow (sometimes only at base), 15–50 cm, thinly to densely cobwebby; blades 30–60 × 15–35 cm, coarsely dentate to subentire (rarely deeply dissected), abaxially ± thinly gray-tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely short-hairy.Phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, glabrous to densely cobwebby, inner often purplish tinged, margins often minutely serrate with fine teeth, puberulent with glandular and or eglandular hairs.	Heads in racemiform or paniculiform clusters, sessile to pedunculate. Peduncles 0–9.5 cm. Involucres 15–40 mm diam. Florets 30+; corollas purple, pink, or white, 7.5–12 mm, glabrous or limb glandular-puberulent. Cypselae dark brown or with darker spots, 5–8 mm; pappus bristles 1–3.5 mm.	NA	NA	Plants to 50–300 cm.	2n = 32 (Germany), 36 (as A. nemorosum).	1083635	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctium_minus
Artemisia annua	Herbs, annual, 70-160(-200) cm tall, much branched, sparsely puberulent, soon glabrous, strongly aromatic. Leaves gland-dotted. Lowermost stem leaves: leaf blade ovate or triangular-ovate, 3-7 × 2-6 cm, 3(or 4)-pinnatipartite; segments 5-8(-10) pairs. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade 2(or 3)-pinnatisect or pectinatisect; lobules deeply serrate to pectinate; teeth triangular, 1-2 × ca. 0.5 mm; rachis narrowly winged, sparsely serrate or not; midvein prominent adaxially. Uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts 1(or 2)-pinnatipartite. Synflorescence a panicle to 15 × 8 cm, produced from most nodes to form broad, conical compound panicle. Capitula many, shortly pedunculate, closely subtended by whorl of bracteoles, nodding. Involucre globose, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam; phyllaries broad and scarious, ± glabrous. Marginal female florets 10-18. Disk florets 10-30, bisexual; corolla dark yellow or yellow. Achenes ellipsoid-ovoid. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 18.	NA	NA	Leaves gland-dotted. Lowermost stem leaves: leaf blade ovate or triangular-ovate, 3-7 × 2-6 cm, 3(or 4)-pinnatipartite; segments 5-8(-10) pairs. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade 2(or 3)-pinnatisect or pectinatisect; lobules deeply serrate to pectinate; teeth triangular, 1-2 × ca. 0.5 mm; rachis narrowly winged, sparsely serrate or not; midvein prominent adaxially. Uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts 1(or 2)-pinnatipartite.	Synflorescence a panicle to 15 × 8 cm, produced from most nodes to form broad, conical compound panicle. Capitula many, shortly pedunculate, closely subtended by whorl of bracteoles, nodding. Involucre globose, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam; phyllaries broad and scarious, ± glabrous. Marginal female florets 10-18. Disk florets 10-30, bisexual; corolla dark yellow or yellow. 	NA	Achenes ellipsoid-ovoid. 	Herbs, annual, 70-160(-200) cm tall, much branched, sparsely puberulent, soon glabrous, strongly aromatic. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct.	2n = 18.	1091983	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_annua
Artemisia argyi	Herbs, perennial, or subshrubs, 80-150(-250) cm tall, with many lateral roots, shortly branched apically, gray arachnoid pubescent, strongly aromatic. Middle stem leaves: petiole 2-3 mm; leaf blade ovate, triangular-ovate, or subrhombic, 5-8 × 4-7 cm, abaxially densely gray arachnoid tomentose, adaxially incanous pubescent and white gland-dotted, 1(or 2)-pinnatipartite or -cleft; segments 2 or 3 pairs, usually serrate, base attenuate; veins abaxially prominent. Uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts pinnatipartite to 3-partite, or entire; bracts elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate. Synflorescence a narrow panicle with branches to 10 cm, ascending, lower ones subtended by leaflike bracts. Capitula secund, not touching, subsessile. Involucre ellipsoid, 2.5-3(-3.5) mm in diam; phyllaries arachnoid pubescent, or glabrescent. Marginal female florets 6-10. Disk florets 8-12, bisexual. Achenes ovoid-oblong or oblong. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 36.	NA	NA	Middle stem leaves: petiole 2-3 mm; leaf blade ovate, triangular-ovate, or subrhombic, 5-8 × 4-7 cm, abaxially densely gray arachnoid tomentose, adaxially incanous pubescent and white gland-dotted, 1(or 2)-pinnatipartite or -cleft; segments 2 or 3 pairs, usually serrate, base attenuate; veins abaxially prominent. Uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts pinnatipartite to 3-partite, or entire; bracts elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate.	Synflorescence a narrow panicle with branches to 10 cm, ascending, lower ones subtended by leaflike bracts. Capitula secund, not touching, subsessile. Involucre ellipsoid, 2.5-3(-3.5) mm in diam; phyllaries arachnoid pubescent, or glabrescent. Marginal female florets 6-10. Disk florets 8-12, bisexual. 	NA	Achenes ovoid-oblong or oblong. 	Herbs, perennial, or subshrubs, 80-150(-250) cm tall, with many lateral roots, shortly branched apically, gray arachnoid pubescent, strongly aromatic.Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct.	2n = 36.	1098690	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_argyi
Artemisia ifranensis	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1102790	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_ifranensis
Artemisia ludoviciana	Perennials, 20–80 (rarely to 120 in desert washes) cm, aromatic (rhizomatous). Stems relatively few to relatively numerous, erect, gray-green, simple or widely branched, hairy. Leaves cauline, uniformly gray-green, green, or white, or bicolor (white and green); blades linear to broadly elliptic, 1.5–11 × 0.5–4 cm, entire or lobed to relatively deeply pinnatifid, faces hairy. Heads (erect to nodding, peduncles 0 or 2–5 mm) in congested to open (widely branched) arrays. Involucres campanulate or turbinate, (1–)2–4(–5) × 2–5(–8) mm. Phyllaries (gray-green), lanceolate to ovate or obovate (margins narrowly hyaline), densely tomentose. Florets: pistillate 5–12; bisexual 6–45; corollas yellow, sometimes red-tinged, 1.5–2.8 mm, glabrous. Cypselae ellipsoid ca. 0.5 mm, (obscurely nerved) glabrous. 2n = 18, 36, 54.	NA	Cauline, uniformly gray-green, green, or white, or bicolor (white and green), relatively few to relatively numerous, erect, gray-green, simple or widely branched, hairy.	Blades linear to broadly elliptic, 1.5–11 × 0.5–4 cm, entire or lobed to relatively deeply pinnatifid, faces hairy. Phyllaries (gray-green), lanceolate to ovate or obovate (margins narrowly hyaline), densely tomentose.	Heads (erect to nodding, peduncles 0 or 2–5 mm) in congested to open (widely branched) arrays. Involucres campanulate or turbinate, (1–)2–4(–5) × 2–5(–8) mm. Florets: pistillate 5–12; bisexual 6–45; corollas yellow, sometimes red-tinged, 1.5–2.8 mm, glabrous.	NA	Cypselae ellipsoid ca. 0.5 mm, (obscurely nerved) glabrous.	Perennials, 20–80 (rarely to 120 in desert washes) cm, aromatic (rhizomatous).	2n = 18, 36, 54.	1103341	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_ludoviciana
Artemisia princeps	Herbs, perennial, 60-150 cm tall, sparsely arachnoid puberulent or glabrescent. Leaves densely arachnoid tomentose abaxially. Lowermost leaves long petiolate; leaf blade ovate or elliptic-ovate, 1- or 2-pinnatipartite; segments 2 pairs, oblong or oblong-elliptic. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1-2(-3) cm; leaf blade ovate or ovate-elliptic, 6-12 × 4-8 cm, pinnatipartite, rarely -sect; segments 2(or 3) pairs, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic; distal lobe and lobules of lateral lobes larger, obtuse apically. Uppermost leaves pinnatipartite; leaflike bracts 3-lobed or entire. Capitula in somewhat broad panicles, oblong or oblong-ovoid, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam. Phyllaries sparsely arachnoid puberulent. Marginal female florets 5-7. Disk florets 4-9, bisexual. Fr. Jul-Nov. 2n = 34.	The main root is moderately thick, with numerous lateral roots; the rhizome grows upright or at an angle, measuring 3-7 millimeters in diameter, and occasionally bears vegetative branches.	Stems few in number, clustered or solitary, height 60-150 cm, purple brown or brown, with obvious longitudinal edges, branching above the middle and upper parts, branch length 5-10 cm, slanting towards the stem end	Leaves densely arachnoid tomentose abaxially. Lowermost leaves long petiolate; leaf blade ovate or elliptic-ovate, 1- or 2-pinnatipartite; segments 2 pairs, oblong or oblong-elliptic. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1-2(-3) cm; leaf blade ovate or ovate-elliptic, 6-12 × 4-8 cm, pinnatipartite, rarely -sect; segments 2(or 3) pairs, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic; distal lobe and lobules of lateral lobes larger, obtuse apically. Uppermost leaves pinnatipartite; leaflike bracts 3-lobed or entire.	Capitula in somewhat broad panicles, oblong or oblong-ovoid, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam. Phyllaries sparsely arachnoid puberulent. Marginal female florets 5-7. Disk florets 4-9, bisexual. Fr. Jul-Nov.	NA	Achenes oval or inverted oval shaped.	NA	NA	1104018	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_princeps
Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata	Leaves cuneate or lanceolate, 0.5–1.2(–2.5) × 0.2–0.3(–0.6) cm, 3-lobed (lobes to 1/3 lengths of blades, rounded). Heads in paniculiform arrays 5–15(–20) × (1.5–)5–6 cm. Involucres 1.5–2.5 × 1–2 mm. Florets 4–6. Cypselae glabrous. 2n = 18, 36.	It has a deep taproot that can be 1-4 meters (3 1/2 - 13 feet) in length, along with lateral roots near the surface.	Stems gray-brown, glabrate (bark gray, exfoliating in strips); phyllaries oblanceolate to widely obovate, densely tomentose.	Leaves cuneate or lanceolate, 0.5–1.2(–2.5) × 0.2–0.3(–0.6) cm, 3-lobed (lobes to 1/3 lengths of blades, rounded).	Heads in paniculiform arrays 5–15(–20) × (1.5–)5–6 cm. Involucres 1.5–2.5 × 1–2 mm. Florets 4–6.	NA	Cypselae glabrous.	Shrubs, 100–200(–300) cm. Vegetative branches nearly equaling flowering branches.	2n = 18, 36.	1151944	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata_subsp._Tridentata
Bidens alba	Bidens alba is an herbaceous annual, growing to 1 meter in height. The leaves are arranged oppositely and range from 3-lobed to odd pinnately compound with 3-5 leaflets. The leaflets are ovate to lanceolate, with an acuminate leaf apex and serrated leaf margin. The vegetative structures can be glabrous or covered with pubescence. The complete, perfect, actinomorphic and incomplete, imperfect, zygomorphic flowers are arranged in panicles of heads subtended an involucre made of 2 series of phyllaries: the outer series longer than the inner series. There are 5 or 6 six zygomorphic white flowers with the corolla up to 1 cm in length that occur to the edge of the head. The actinomorphic flowers occur in the center of the head, have a pappus of 2-4 hairs and a yellow corolla with 5 fused petals forming a tube. There are 5 anthers fused to the corolla tube. The ovary is inferior and is an achene at maturity. The achenes have tubercles that assist in dispersal by attaching to passing animals.	NA	NA	The leaves are arranged oppositely and range from 3-lobed to odd pinnately compound with 3-5 leaflets. The leaflets are ovate to lanceolate, with an acuminate leaf apex and serrated leaf margin. 	The complete, perfect, actinomorphic and incomplete, imperfect, zygomorphic flowers are arranged in panicles of heads subtended an involucre made of 2 series of phyllaries: the outer series longer than the inner series. There are 5 or 6 six zygomorphic white flowers with the corolla up to 1 cm in length that occur to the edge of the head. The actinomorphic flowers occur in the center of the head, have a pappus of 2-4 hairs and a yellow corolla with 5 fused petals forming a tube. There are 5 anthers fused to the corolla tube.	NA	The achenes have tubercles that assist in dispersal by attaching to passing animals.	Bidens alba is an herbaceous annual, growing to 1 meter in height.	NA	1194682	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidens_alba
Bidens hawaiensis	Annuals. Stems 30-180 cm tall, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent in upper part. Petiole 10-30(-70) mm; leaf blade either ovate to lanceolate, 30-70(-120) × 12-18(-45) mm, or pinnately 1-lobed, primary lobes 3-7, ovate to lanceolate, (10-)25-80 × (5-)10-40 mm, both surfaces pilosulose to sparsely hirtellous or glabrate, bases truncate to cuneate, ultimate margin serrate or entire, usually ciliate, apices acute to attenuate. Synflorescence of solitary capitula or capitula in lax corymbs. Capitula radiate or discoid; peduncles 10-20(-90) mm; calycular bracts (6 or)7-9(-13), appressed, spatulate to linear, (3-)4-5 mm, abaxially usually hispidulous to puberulent, margins ciliate; involucres turbinate to campanulate, 5-6 × 6-8 mm; phyllaries (7 or)8 or 9(-13), lanceolate to oblanceolate, 4-6 mm. Ray florets absent or (3-)5-8; lamina whitish to pinkish, 5-15 mm. Disk florets 20-40(-80); corollas yellowish, (2-)3-5 mm. Outer achenes red-brown, ± flat, linear to narrowly cuneate, (3-)4-5 mm, faces obscurely 2-grooved, sometimes tuberculate-hispidulous, margin antrorsely hispidulous, apex truncate or somewhat attenuate; inner achenes blackish, ± equally 4-angled, linear-fusiform, 7-16 mm, faces 2-grooved, tuberculate-hispidulous to sparsely strigillose, margin antrorsely hispidulous, apex attenuate; pappus absent, or of 2 or 3(-5) erect to divergent, retrorsely barbed awns (0.5-)2-4 mm. Fl. year-round. 2n = 24, 36, 48, 72.	NA	Stems 30-180 cm tall, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent in upper part.	Petiole 10-30(-70) mm; leaf blade either ovate to lanceolate, 30-70(-120) × 12-18(-45) mm, or pinnately 1-lobed, primary lobes 3-7, ovate to lanceolate, (10-)25-80 × (5-)10-40 mm, both surfaces pilosulose to sparsely hirtellous or glabrate, bases truncate to cuneate, ultimate margin serrate or entire, usually ciliate, apices acute to attenuate.	Synflorescence of solitary capitula or capitula in lax corymbs. Capitula radiate or discoid; peduncles 10-20(-90) mm; calycular bracts (6 or)7-9(-13), appressed, spatulate to linear, (3-)4-5 mm, abaxially usually hispidulous to puberulent, margins ciliate; involucres turbinate to campanulate, 5-6 × 6-8 mm; phyllaries (7 or)8 or 9(-13), lanceolate to oblanceolate, 4-6 mm. Ray florets absent or (3-)5-8; lamina whitish to pinkish, 5-15 mm. Disk florets 20-40(-80); corollas yellowish, (2-)3-5 mm.	NA	Outer achenes red-brown, ± flat, linear to narrowly cuneate, (3-)4-5 mm, faces obscurely 2-grooved, sometimes tuberculate-hispidulous, margin antrorsely hispidulous, apex truncate or somewhat attenuate; inner achenes blackish, ± equally 4-angled, linear-fusiform, 7-16 mm, faces 2-grooved, tuberculate-hispidulous to sparsely strigillose, margin antrorsely hispidulous, apex attenuate; pappus absent, or of 2 or 3(-5) erect to divergent, retrorsely barbed awns (0.5-)2-4 mm.	Annuals. Fl. year-round.	2n = 24, 36, 48, 72.	1097569	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidens_hawaiensis
Calendula officinalis	Herbs, annual, 20-75 cm tall, usually branched from base, green, ± glandular pubescent. Basal leaves oblong-obovate or spatulate, 15-20 cm, margin entire or remotely denticulate; stem leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, 5-15 × 1-3 cm, ± amplexicaul, margin inconspicuously repand-denticulate, apex obtuse, rarely acute. Capitula 4-5 cm in diam; phyllaries lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, outer slightly longer than inner, acuminate. Ray florets yellow or orange, ca. 2 × as long as involucre, lamina up to 4-5 mm wide. Disk florets with triangular-lanceolate lobes. Achenes curved, yellowish or brownish, outer half-curved, often aculeate rostrate at apex, lateral-winged ridge irregularly rugose. Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. Jun-Oct.	NA	NA	Basal leaves oblong-obovate or spatulate, 15-20 cm, margin entire or remotely denticulate; stem leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, 5-15 × 1-3 cm, ± amplexicaul, margin inconspicuously repand-denticulate, apex obtuse, rarely acute. Capitula 4-5 cm in diam; phyllaries lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, outer slightly longer than inner, acuminate.	Ray florets yellow or orange, ca. 2 × as long as involucre, lamina up to 4-5 mm wide. Disk florets with triangular-lanceolate lobes.	NA	Achenes curved, yellowish or brownish, outer half-curved, often aculeate rostrate at apex, lateral-winged ridge irregularly rugose.	Herbs, annual, 20-75 cm tall, usually branched from base, green, ± glandular pubescent.Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. Jun-Oct.	NA	1104458	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendula_officinalis
Carthamus tinctorius	Herbs (20-)50-100(-150) cm tall, annual. Stem erect, apically branched; stem and branches white or whitish, smooth, glabrous. Leaves rigid, leathery, glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, simple, 7-15 × 2.5-6 cm, base attenuate and semiamplexicaul, margin spinosely toothed or entire, apex acute; teeth very rarely pinnatipartite, apically with 1-1.5 mm spinules. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, margin spinosely toothed; teeth apically with a ca. 3 mm spine. Capitula few to many, in a corymbose synflorescence, rarely 1. Involucre ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in ca. 5 rows; outer phyllaries leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 × ca. 1 cm, spiny; middle phyllaries 6-20 × 4-7 mm, constricted between pale parallel-veined basal part and leaflike apical part with green reticulate veins; inner phyllaries oblanceolate-elliptic to oblanceolate, ca. 22 × 5 mm, rigidly scarious, apex attenuate. Corolla red to orange, ca. 2.8 cm. Achene ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 5.5 mm, 4-angled. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. May-Aug. 2n = 24*.	NA	Stem erect, apically branched; stem and branches white or whitish, smooth, glabrous.	Leaves rigid, leathery, glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, simple, 7-15 × 2.5-6 cm, base attenuate and semiamplexicaul, margin spinosely toothed or entire, apex acute; teeth very rarely pinnatipartite, apically with 1-1.5 mm spinules. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, margin spinosely toothed; teeth apically with a ca. 3 mm spine.	Capitula few to many, in a corymbose synflorescence, rarely 1. Involucre ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.Phyllaries in ca. 5 rows; outer phyllaries leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 × ca. 1 cm, spiny; middle phyllaries 6-20 × 4-7 mm, constricted between pale parallel-veined basal part and leaflike apical part with green reticulate veins; inner phyllaries oblanceolate-elliptic to oblanceolate, ca. 22 × 5 mm, rigidly scarious, apex attenuate. Corolla red to orange, ca. 2.8 cm. 	NA	Achene ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 5.5 mm, 4-angled. Pappus absent.	Herbs (20-)50-100(-150) cm tall, annual.Fl. and fr. May-Aug.	2n = 24*.	1109057	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius
Centaurea solstitialis	Annual or biennial, 2–8 dm, thinly but persistently tomentose, the stem evidently winged by the decurrent lf-bases; basal lvs lyrate or pinnatifid, to 20 × 5 cm, the middle and upper smaller, becoming linear and entire; invol 10–15 mm, broad-based; middle and outer bracts spine-tipped, the larger central spines 11–22 mm; inner bracts with a small hyaline appendage; fls yellow, the marginal ones not enlarged; pappus of the marginal fls wanting, that of the others 3–5 mm; 2n=16. A weed in fields and waste places, native to the Mediterranean region, occasionally found in our range.	NA	Stem evidently winged by the decurrent lf-bases.	Basal lvs lyrate or pinnatifid, to 20 × 5 cm, the middle and upper smaller, becoming linear and entire; invol 10–15 mm, broad-based; middle and outer bracts spine-tipped, the larger central spines 11–22 mm; inner bracts with a small hyaline appendage.	Fls yellow, the marginal ones not enlarged; pappus of the marginal fls wanting, that of the others 3–5 mm.	NA	NA	Annual or biennial, 2–8 dm, thinly but persistently tomentose.A weed in fields and waste places, native to the Mediterranean region.	2n=16.	1112366	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurea_solstitialis
Centrapalus pauciflorus	Centrapalus pauciflorus is a mainly unbranched, usually annual plant that can grow 3 - 5 metres tall, but is usualy much smaller, sometimes only 20cm tall. It sometimes forms branches near the top.The plant was noted as a potential source of vernolic acid in the 1950's, but efforts to domesticate it failed. Specimens collected from semi-arid areas of eastern Ethiopia in 1964 combined a high vernolic acid content with a promising seed yield and good seed retention. These collections have been used to develop a potential industrial oil crop in several parts of the world. Due to the high oil and vernolic acid content, and its relatively low shattering nature, subsp. Galamensis var. ethiopica M.G.Gilbert has been the focus of research aiming at domestication and commercialization.	NA	It sometimes forms branches near the top.	NA	NA	NA	NA	Centrapalus pauciflorus is a mainly unbranched, usually annual plant that can grow 3 - 5 metres tall, but is usualy much smaller, sometimes only 20cm tall.	NA	1085450	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrapalus_pauciflorus
Chrysanthemum indicum	Herbs, perennial, 0.25-1 m tall, with long or short procumbent rhizomes. Stems erect or diffuse, branched, sparsely pilose. Lower leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade ovate, long ovate, or elliptic-ovate, 3-7(-10) × 2-4(-7) cm, both surfaces pale green or olive, sparsely pubescent or less densely so abaxially, pinnatifid, pinnatilobed, or inconspicuously divided, base truncate, somewhat cordate or broadly cuneate. Synflorescence a lax terminal flat-topped cyme. Capitula many or few. Phyllaries in 5 rows, scarious margin broad, white or brown, apex obtuse or rounded, outer ones ovate or ovate-triangular, 2.5-3 mm, middle ones ovate, 6-8 mm, inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.1 cm. Ray floret lamina yellow, 1-1.3 cm, apex entire or 3-denticulate. Achenes 1.5-1.8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov. 2n = 18, 35-38, 36*, 40, 54.	NA	Stems erect or diffuse, branched, sparsely pilose.	Lower leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade ovate, long ovate, or elliptic-ovate, 3-7(-10) × 2-4(-7) cm, both surfaces pale green or olive, sparsely pubescent or less densely so abaxially, pinnatifid, pinnatilobed, or inconspicuously divided, base truncate, somewhat cordate or broadly cuneate.	Synflorescence a lax terminal flat-topped cyme. Capitula many or few. Phyllaries in 5 rows, scarious margin broad, white or brown, apex obtuse or rounded, outer ones ovate or ovate-triangular, 2.5-3 mm, middle ones ovate, 6-8 mm, inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.1 cm. Ray floret lamina yellow, 1-1.3 cm, apex entire or 3-denticulate.	NA	Achenes 1.5-1.8 mm.	Herbs, perennial, 0.25-1 m tall, with long or short procumbent rhizomes. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov.	2n = 18, 35-38, 36*, 40, 54.	1113730	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_indicum
Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium	Herbs, perennial. Stems 30-150 cm, erect, corymbosely branched above middle or only in upper part, pilose, especially in upper part and on synflorescence branches. Basal and lower stem leaves withered by anthesis; middle stem leaves: petiole 0.5-1 cm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, elliptic-ovate, narrowly elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 2-7 × 1.5-4.5 cm, surfaces concolorous or nearly so, 2-pinnatisect, 2-pinnatipartite, or inconspicuously 2-pinnatipartite; primary lateral segments 2 or 3(or 4) pairs; ultimate lobes elliptic. Upper stem leaves small, tripartite or entire. Synflorescence a lax or dense cyme. Capitula 1-1.5 cm in diam. Involucres cup-shaped, 5-7 mm in diam; phyllaries in 5 rows, margin white or pale brown scarious, outer ones linear or linear-oblong, ca. 2.5 mm, abaxially sparsely pilose, middle and inner ones ovate, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm. Ray florets yellow; lamina 1-7.5 mm. Achenes 1.2-1.5 mm. Fl. and fr. May-Nov. 2n = 18*, 36*.	NA	Stems 30-150 cm, erect, corymbosely branched above middle or only in upper part, pilose, especially in upper part and on synflorescence branches.	Basal and lower stem leaves withered by anthesis; middle stem leaves: petiole 0.5-1 cm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, elliptic-ovate, narrowly elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 2-7 × 1.5-4.5 cm, surfaces concolorous or nearly so, 2-pinnatisect, 2-pinnatipartite, or inconspicuously 2-pinnatipartite; primary lateral segments 2 or 3(or 4) pairs; ultimate lobes elliptic. Upper stem leaves small, tripartite or entire.	Synflorescence a lax or dense cyme. Capitula 1-1.5 cm in diam. Involucres cup-shaped, 5-7 mm in diam; phyllaries in 5 rows, margin white or pale brown scarious, outer ones linear or linear-oblong, ca. 2.5 mm, abaxially sparsely pilose, middle and inner ones ovate, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm. Ray florets yellow; lamina 1-7.5 mm.	NA	Achenes 1.2-1.5 mm.	Herbs, perennial.Fl. and fr. May-Nov.	2n = 18*, 36*.	1098732	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_lavandulifolium
Chrysanthemum makinoi	With a borneol-like fragrance in stems and leaves, Chrysanthemum makinoi, a perennial, grows on sunny slopes in fields or mountains; it is 40-80cm tall and branches sparsely. Leaves are in the shape of an ovate or broad ovate of 4-8cm long, generally cleft in three, and the back sides gray. Head flowers measure 2.5-5cm in diameter; lay florets are white, occasionally tinge light red. Bracts are 7mm long and hemispherical. Involucral bracts, all in the same size, ouch in 3 columns. Bloom time: October-November.	NA	NA	Leaves are in the shape of an ovate or broad ovate of 4-8cm long, generally cleft in three, and the back sides gray.	Head flowers measure 2.5-5cm in diameter; lay florets are white, occasionally tinge light red. Bracts are 7mm long and hemispherical. Involucral bracts, all in the same size, ouch in 3 columns. 	NA	NA	With a borneol-like fragrance in stems and leaves, Chrysanthemum makinoi, a perennial, grows on sunny slopes in fields or mountains; it is 40-80cm tall and branches sparsely.Bloom time: October-November.	NA	1178066	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_makinoi
Chrysanthemum nankingense	Herbs, perennial, 0.25-1 m tall, with long or short procumbent rhizomes. Stems erect or diffuse, branched, sparsely pilose. Lower leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade ovate, long ovate, or elliptic-ovate, 3-7(-10) × 2-4(-7) cm, both surfaces pale green or olive, sparsely pubescent or less densely so abaxially, pinnatifid, pinnatilobed, or inconspicuously divided, base truncate, somewhat cordate or broadly cuneate. Synflorescence a lax terminal flat-topped cyme. Capitula many or few. Phyllaries in 5 rows, scarious margin broad, white or brown, apex obtuse or rounded, outer ones ovate or ovate-triangular, 2.5-3 mm, middle ones ovate, 6-8 mm, inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.1 cm. Ray floret lamina yellow, 1-1.3 cm, apex entire or 3-denticulate. Achenes 1.5-1.8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov. 2n = 18, 35-38, 36*, 40, 54.	NA	Stems erect or diffuse, branched, sparsely pilose.	Lower leaves withered at anthesis. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade ovate, long ovate, or elliptic-ovate, 3-7(-10) × 2-4(-7) cm, both surfaces pale green or olive, sparsely pubescent or less densely so abaxially, pinnatifid, pinnatilobed, or inconspicuously divided, base truncate, somewhat cordate or broadly cuneate.	Synflorescence a lax terminal flat-topped cyme. Capitula many or few. Phyllaries in 5 rows, scarious margin broad, white or brown, apex obtuse or rounded, outer ones ovate or ovate-triangular, 2.5-3 mm, middle ones ovate, 6-8 mm, inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.1 cm. Ray floret lamina yellow, 1-1.3 cm, apex entire or 3-denticulate.	NA	Achenes 1.5-1.8 mm.	Herbs, perennial, 0.25-1 m tall, with long or short procumbent rhizomes.Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov.	2n = 18, 35-38, 36*, 40, 54.	1166832	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_nankingense
Chrysanthemum seticuspe	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1108505	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_seticuspe
Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat	Herbs perennial, 60-150 cm tall. Stems erect, branched or unbranched, pilose. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, pinnately lobed or cleft, shortly stalked, leaves white pubescent below. Heads 2.5-20 cm in diam., varying in size. Involucral bracts multilayer, outer layers pilose. Tongue flowers various colors. Tubules yellow.	NA	Stems erect, branched or unbranched, pilose.	Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, pinnately lobed or cleft, shortly stalked, leaves white pubescent below.	Heads 2.5-20 cm in diam., varying in size. Involucral bracts multilayer, outer layers pilose. Tongue flowers various colors. Tubules yellow.	NA	NA	Herbs perennial, 60-150 cm tall.	NA	1111025	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_x_morifolium_Ramat
Cichorium endivia	Herbs annual or biennial. Stems erect, up to 100 cm, diffusely branched, all branches glabrous, rarely lower setose. Basal leaves and lower stems and leaves shortly winged, pinnatisect to undivided, but margins usually serrate. Upper middle stems and leaves long elliptic to broadly ovate, base sessile, rounded or sharply auriculate. Heads usually numerous, 1 or several solitary or aggregated on stem tips or axillary in leaf axils of upper middle leaves of stem. involucre campanulate, 9-14 mm long, involucral bracts 2-layered, outer involucral bracts margin more or less ciliate, lower half leathery. Ligulate floret blue, rarely pale white. Achenes 2.5-3.5 mm long, crested membranous, 0.4-0.8 mm long.	NA	Stems erect, up to 100 cm, diffusely branched, all branches glabrous, rarely lower setose.	Basal leaves and lower stems and leaves shortly winged, pinnatisect to undivided, but margins usually serrate. Upper middle stems and leaves long elliptic to broadly ovate, base sessile, rounded or sharply auriculate. Heads usually numerous, 1 or several solitary or aggregated on stem tips or axillary in leaf axils of upper middle leaves of stem.	Involucre campanulate, 9-14 mm long, involucral bracts 2-layered, outer involucral bracts margin more or less ciliate, lower half leathery. Ligulate floret blue, rarely pale white.	NA	Achenes 2.5-3.5 mm long, crested membranous, 0.4-0.8 mm long.	Herbs annual or biennial.	NA	1097564	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichorium_endivia
Cichorium intybus	Perennials (sometimes flowering first year). Leaves: blades of basal 5–35+ × 1–8(–12+) cm; cauline similar, smaller, narrower, distal mostly linear. Peduncles mostly 0–2 mm, some narrowly clavate, 12–45(–85+) mm. Phyllaries: outer 5–6 lance-ovate to lanceolate, 4–7 mm, basally cartilaginous, distally herbaceous, inner 8+ lance-linear to linear, 6–12 mm, herbaceous, all usually with some gland-tipped hairs 0.5–0.8 mm on margins near bases or on abaxial faces toward tips. Cypselae 2–3 mm; pappi 0.01–0.2 mm. 2n = 18.	NA	Peduncles mostly 0–2 mm, some narrowly clavate, 12–45(–85+) mm. 	Leaves: blades of basal 5–35+ × 1–8(–12+) cm; cauline similar, smaller, narrower, distal mostly linear.	Phyllaries: outer 5–6 lance-ovate to lanceolate, 4–7 mm, basally cartilaginous, distally herbaceous, inner 8+ lance-linear to linear, 6–12 mm, herbaceous, all usually with some gland-tipped hairs 0.5–0.8 mm on margins near bases or on abaxial faces toward tips.	NA	Cypselae 2–3 mm; pappi 0.01–0.2 mm.	Perennials (sometimes flowering first year).	2n = 18.	1091675	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichorium_intybus
Cosmos bipinnatus	Plants 30–200 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, sometimes scabridulous. Leaves: petioles 0 or to 1 cm; blades 6–11 cm, ultimate lobes to 1.5 mm wide, margins entire, apices acute (indurate). Peduncles 10–20 cm. Calyculi of spreading, linear to lanceolate bractlets 6–13 mm, apices acuminate. Involucres 7–15 mm diam. Phyllaries erect, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 7–13 mm, apices round or obtuse. Ray corollas white, pink, or purplish, laminae obovate to oblanceolate, 15–50 mm, apices ± truncate, dentate. Disc corollas 5–7 mm. Cypselae 7–16 mm, glabrous, papillose; pappi 0, or of 2–3 ascending to erect awns 1–3 mm. 2n = 24.	NA	NA	Petioles 0 or to 1 cm; blades 6–11 cm, ultimate lobes to 1.5 mm wide, margins entire, apices acute (indurate). Peduncles 10–20 cm. Calyculi of spreading, linear to lanceolate bractlets 6–13 mm, apices acuminate. Involucres 7–15 mm diam. Phyllaries erect, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 7–13 mm, apices round or obtuse.	Ray corollas white, pink, or purplish, laminae obovate to oblanceolate, 15–50 mm, apices ± truncate, dentate. Disc corollas 5–7 mm.	NA	Cypselae 7–16 mm, glabrous, papillose; pappi 0, or of 2–3 ascending to erect awns 1–3 mm.	Plants 30–200 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, sometimes scabridulous.	2n = 24.	1088512	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_bipinnatus
Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus	Taproots fleshy. Stems glabrous to densely arachnoid-tomentose. Leaves: basal blades 30–200 cm, margins deeply 1–2-pinnately lobed or divided to nearly compound, lobes oblong to lanceolate, entire to coarsely toothed, teeth and lobes innocuous to prominently spine-tipped, spines 1–30 mm, often clustered along petiole and at base of lobes, abaxial faces densely gray- or white-tomentose, adaxial faces thinly cobwebby-tomentose; cauline leaves often short-decurrent as spiny wings. Involucres often purplish tinged, 30–150 × 40–150 mm excluding spreading phyllary tips, constricted distally or not. Phyllaries lanceolate to broadly ovate, bases appressed, spreading apices obtuse to acute or acuminate, spineless or tipped with spines 1–9 mm or truncate, abruptly mucronate, and spineless or minutely spine-tipped. Corollas blue or purple (rarely white), 3–5 cm; styles long-exserted. Cypselae 4–8 mm; pappus bristles 2–4 cm.	NA	Stems glabrous to densely arachnoid-tomentose.	Leaves: basal blades 30–200 cm, margins deeply 1–2-pinnately lobed or divided to nearly compound, lobes oblong to lanceolate, entire to coarsely toothed, teeth and lobes innocuous to prominently spine-tipped, spines 1–30 mm, often clustered along petiole and at base of lobes, abaxial faces densely gray- or white-tomentose, adaxial faces thinly cobwebby-tomentose; cauline leaves often short-decurrent as spiny wings.Involucres often purplish tinged, 30–150 × 40–150 mm excluding spreading phyllary tips, constricted distally or not. Phyllaries lanceolate to broadly ovate, bases appressed, spreading apices obtuse to acute or acuminate, spineless or tipped with spines 1–9 mm or truncate, abruptly mucronate, and spineless or minutely spine-tipped. 	Corollas blue or purple (rarely white), 3–5 cm; styles long-exserted. 	NA	Cypselae 4–8 mm; pappus bristles 2–4 cm.	Taproots fleshy.	NA	1100303	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynara_cardunculus_var._scolymus
Dahlia pinnata	Erect, sometimes branched, cultivated herbs to 1.5 m tall; stems stout, sparingly branched, glabrous or scabridulous with sparse hairs, often reddish or purplish; rootstock not seen. Leaves opposite, simple or 1-2-pinnate, the leaflets ovate or elliptical, apically acuminate, basally obtuse or acute, the margins serrate or remotely dentate, to 15 cm long, glabrate, the petiolules mostly short, the petiole slender or stout, sometimes partly winged, basally expanded and with an intra- petiolar ridge. Inflorescence mostly a solitary terminal nodding head on an elongate, naked peduncle but sometimes several clustered into a pseudopanicle. Heads radiate, large, to 15 cm across; involucral bracts in 2 dissimilar series, the outermost ca. 10 mm long, oblong, apically obtuse or acute, patent, thick, many nerved, the innermost slightly longer, narrower, thin, drying dark and scarious, sometimes with a scarious margin; ray florets showy, extremely variable, purple, red, or white (rarely yellowish), ovate to linear, to 5 cm long, the ovary sterile; disc florets mostly yellow but sometimes reddish or purplish, sometimes replaced by fertile or sterile ligulate florets. Achene not seen.	NA	Stems stout, sparingly branched, glabrous or scabridulous with sparse hairs, often reddish or purplish; rootstock not seen.	Leaves opposite, simple or 1-2-pinnate, the leaflets ovate or elliptical, apically acuminate, basally obtuse or acute, the margins serrate or remotely dentate, to 15 cm long, glabrate, the petiolules mostly short, the petiole slender or stout, sometimes partly winged, basally expanded and with an intra- petiolar ridge.	Inflorescence mostly a solitary terminal nodding head on an elongate, naked peduncle but sometimes several clustered into a pseudopanicle. Heads radiate, large, to 15 cm across; involucral bracts in 2 dissimilar series, the outermost ca. 10 mm long, oblong, apically obtuse or acute, patent, thick, many nerved, the innermost slightly longer, narrower, thin, drying dark and scarious, sometimes with a scarious margin; ray florets showy, extremely variable, purple, red, or white (rarely yellowish), ovate to linear, to 5 cm long, the ovary sterile; disc florets mostly yellow but sometimes reddish or purplish, sometimes replaced by fertile or sterile ligulate florets.	NA	NA	Erect, sometimes branched, cultivated herbs to 1.5 m tall	NA	1087953	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlia_pinnata
Deinandra increscens subsp. Villosa	Annuals, 6–100 cm.Heads usually in paniculiform arrays sometimes congested. Bracts subtending heads usually overlapping proximal 0–1/2 of each involucre. Phyllaries evenly stipitate-glandular, including margins and apices, usually with non-glandular, non-pustule-based hairs as well. Paleae in 1 series. Ray florets (8–)12–13; laminae pale to deep yellow, 4–8 mm. Disc florets  (12–)18–31, all or mostly functionally staminate; anthers reddish to dark purple. Pappi of 5–14 linear, lance-linear, or oblong, fimbriate to erose scales 1–2 mm.Leaves: proximal.Stems usually decumbent, densely leafy. blades pinnati-fid, faces ± hirsute or villous and sometimes stipitate-glandular.	NA	Stems usually decumbent, densely leafy.	Leaves: proximal blades pinnati-fid, faces ± hirsute or villous and sometimes stipitate-glandular.	Heads usually in paniculiform arrays sometimes congested. Bracts subtending heads usually overlapping proximal 0–1/2 of each involucre. Phyllaries evenly stipitate-glandular, including margins and apices, usually with non-glandular, non-pustule-based hairs as well. Paleae in 1 series. Ray florets (8–)12–13; laminae pale to deep yellow, 4–8 mm. Disc florets  (12–)18–31, all or mostly functionally staminate; anthers reddish to dark purple. Pappi of 5–14 linear, lance-linear, or oblong, fimbriate to erose scales 1–2 mm.	NA	NA	Annuals, 6–100 cm.	2n = 24.	1153948	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinandra_increscens_subsp._Villosa
Dittrichia graveolens	Annual or perennial herbs. Stem not winged, without resin canals. Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate to linear, glandular, viscid, more or less revolute or flat, dentate, hairy. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, small, many together in rather dense terminal racemes. Receptacle epaleate, with scale-like ridges. Involucre cyathiform. Involucral bracts cartilaginous, glandular. Marginal florets female. Corolla yellow, radiate or miniradiate; epidermis not crested. Disc-florets perfect. Corolla yellow; epidermis with straight cell walls, without needle-like crystals; corolla-lobes short, smooth. Anthers ecalcarate, with branched tails; endothecial tissue polarized; cells of the filament collar longer than wide. Pollen spines with a cavity. Style with acute sweeping hairs, not reaching furcation, with star-shaped crystals. Cypselas ellipsoid, shorter than the corolla, hairy, apically somewhat constricted, glandular; epidermis with elongated crystals. Pappus of barbellate, capillary bristles in one row, basally connate and concrescent into a cupule. Plants viscid, rank smelling, 20-130 cm; stems ±pilose and stipitate-glandular. Leaf blades linear to lance-linear, 1-3(-7) cm x 1-3(-10) mm, margins entire or denticulate, apices acute, faces pilosulous to hirtellous and minutely stipitate-glandular. Phyllaries 1-8 mm. Ray florets (6-)10-12(-16); corolla laminae 2-5(-7) mm. Disc florets 9-14+; corollas 3-4 mm. Cypselae 1.5-2.0 mm; pappi 3-4(-5) mm.	NA	Stem not winged, without resin canals.	Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate to linear, glandular, viscid, more or less revolute or flat, dentate, hairy. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, small, many together in rather dense terminal racemes. Receptacle epaleate, with scale-like ridges. Involucre cyathiform. Involucral bracts cartilaginous, glandular.	Marginal florets female. Corolla yellow, radiate or miniradiate; epidermis not crested. Disc-florets perfect. Corolla yellow; epidermis with straight cell walls, without needle-like crystals; corolla-lobes short, smooth.	NA	Cypselae 1.5-2.0 mm; pappi 3-4(-5) mm.	Annual or perennial herbs	NA	1103318	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dittrichia_graveolens
Erigeron breviscapus	Herbs, perennial, 1-50 cm tall (sometimes less than 1 cm), sometimes ± caespitose; rhizome woody, thick. Stems several or solitary, or less than 1 cm, 1-1.5 mm in diam. at base, erect or ascending, sometimes procumbent, green or rarely purplish, simple or sometimes 2-4 branched, sparsely to densely hirsute, strigillose, sparsely to moderately stipitate glandular, denser distally. Leaves mostly basal, basal rosulate, present at anthesis, winged petiolate, blade oblanceolate to obovate-lanceolate or broadly spatulate, 1.5-4 × 0.5-2.5 cm, surfaces sparsely to densely scabrous-hirsute, sparsely scabridulous, sparsely minutely glandular, sometimes glabrate, ± 3-veined, base ± gradually attenuate, margin entire, hirsute-ciliate, apex obtuse or rounded, mucronate; cauline 2-4, rarely absent, sessile, blade narrowly ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1-4 × 0.5-1 cm, base subclasping, apex obtuse to acute; upper reduced, linear. Capitula solitary at ends of stems or branches, 1.8-2.8(-3.5) cm in diam. Involucre hemispheric, 0.5-0.8 × 1-1.5 cm; phyllaries 3-seriate, slightly exceeding or equaling disk florets, green or purplish at margin and apex, linear-lanceolate, ca. 8 × 1 mm, membranous, acute to acuminate, outer 3.8-5.6 × 0.6-0.8 mm, abaxially densely to sparsely hirsute, ± densely strigillose, short-stipitate glandular, inner 5.6-7.3 × 0.6-0.85 mm, margin narrowly scarious, erose, sparsely ciliate. Ray florets 3-seriate, blue to purple or white, 9-12 × 0.8-1.1 mm, tube 2-3 mm, sparsely hairy in upper part and onto lamina base, lamina spreading, flat when dry; disk florets yellow, 3.5-4 mm, tube 1.2-1.5 mm, limb funnelform, sparsely hairy, lobes ovate, 0.55-0.6 mm, glabrous, tips sometimes reddish. Achenes narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, flattened, ca. 2.2 mm, densely strigose, often 1-ribbed abaxially. Pappus 2-seriate, brownish, outer bristles ca. 0.4 mm, inner 3.7-4 mm. Fl. Mar-Oct.	NA	Stems several or solitary, or less than 1 cm, 1-1.5 mm in diam. at base, erect or ascending, sometimes procumbent, green or rarely purplish, simple or sometimes 2-4 branched, sparsely to densely hirsute, strigillose, sparsely to moderately stipitate glandular, denser distally.	Leaves mostly basal, basal rosulate, present at anthesis, winged petiolate, blade oblanceolate to obovate-lanceolate or broadly spatulate, 1.5-4 × 0.5-2.5 cm, surfaces sparsely to densely scabrous-hirsute, sparsely scabridulous, sparsely minutely glandular, sometimes glabrate, ± 3-veined, base ± gradually attenuate, margin entire, hirsute-ciliate, apex obtuse or rounded, mucronate; cauline 2-4, rarely absent, sessile, blade narrowly ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1-4 × 0.5-1 cm, base subclasping, apex obtuse to acute; upper reduced, linear.	Capitula solitary at ends of stems or branches, 1.8-2.8(-3.5) cm in diam. Involucre hemispheric, 0.5-0.8 × 1-1.5 cm; phyllaries 3-seriate, slightly exceeding or equaling disk florets, green or purplish at margin and apex, linear-lanceolate, ca. 8 × 1 mm, membranous, acute to acuminate, outer 3.8-5.6 × 0.6-0.8 mm, abaxially densely to sparsely hirsute, ± densely strigillose, short-stipitate glandular, inner 5.6-7.3 × 0.6-0.85 mm, margin narrowly scarious, erose, sparsely ciliate. Ray florets 3-seriate, blue to purple or white, 9-12 × 0.8-1.1 mm, tube 2-3 mm, sparsely hairy in upper part and onto lamina base, lamina spreading, flat when dry; disk florets yellow, 3.5-4 mm, tube 1.2-1.5 mm, limb funnelform, sparsely hairy, lobes ovate, 0.55-0.6 mm, glabrous, tips sometimes reddish.	NA	Achenes narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, flattened, ca. 2.2 mm, densely strigose, often 1-ribbed abaxially. Pappus 2-seriate, brownish, outer bristles ca. 0.4 mm, inner 3.7-4 mm.	Herbs, perennial, 1-50 cm tall (sometimes less than 1 cm), sometimes ± caespitose; rhizome woody, thick.Fl. Mar-Oct.	NA	1112412	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erigeron_breviscapus
Erigeron canadensis	Herbs, annual or biennial, [10-]20-50[-150] cm tall; roots fusiform, fibrous rooted. Stems erect or ascending, thin, often branched above middle, densely leafy, densely strigose, sparsely hirsute. Leaves: basal withered at anthesis, lower cauline long petiolate, blade oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-5[-8] × 0.3-1[-2.5] cm, surfaces densely strigose or hispidulous, base attenuate, margin usually coarsely serrate or pinnatilobed, sometimes entire, apex acute or obtuse, mid and upper shortly petiolate or sessile, blade narrowly lanceolate or linear, [1-]3-7 × 0.2-0.5[-1] cm, margin of mid dentate, margin of upper entire. Capitula 3-10 mm in diam., numerous, in racemiform or racemose-paniculiform synflorescences; peduncles 10-15 mm. Involucre urceolate, ca. 5 × 8 mm; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, linear, abaxially densely gray-white scabrous, apex acute, outer ones slightly short or ca. 1/2 as long as inner, inner ones ca. 4 × 0.7 mm, margin scarious. Ray florets 65-150 or more, white, 3-3.5 mm, elaminate or 3- or 4-denticulate at apex; disk florets ca. 3 mm, tube sparsely puberulent. Achenes linear-lanceoloid, compressed, ca. 1.5 mm, sparsely strigillose [or glabrous]. Pappus reddish, sordid, or tawny, 3-4 mm. Fl. May-Oct.	Roots fusiform, fibrous rooted.	Stems erect or ascending, thin, often branched above middle, densely leafy, densely strigose, sparsely hirsute.	Leaves: basal withered at anthesis, lower cauline long petiolate, blade oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-5[-8] × 0.3-1[-2.5] cm, surfaces densely strigose or hispidulous, base attenuate, margin usually coarsely serrate or pinnatilobed, sometimes entire, apex acute or obtuse, mid and upper shortly petiolate or sessile, blade narrowly lanceolate or linear, [1-]3-7 × 0.2-0.5[-1] cm, margin of mid dentate, margin of upper entire.	Capitula 3-10 mm in diam., numerous, in racemiform or racemose-paniculiform synflorescences; peduncles 10-15 mm. Involucre urceolate, ca. 5 × 8 mm; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, linear, abaxially densely gray-white scabrous, apex acute, outer ones slightly short or ca. 1/2 as long as inner, inner ones ca. 4 × 0.7 mm, margin scarious. Ray florets 65-150 or more, white, 3-3.5 mm, elaminate or 3- or 4-denticulate at apex; disk florets ca. 3 mm, tube sparsely puberulent.	NA	Achenes linear-lanceoloid, compressed, ca. 1.5 mm, sparsely strigillose [or glabrous]. Pappus reddish, sordid, or tawny, 3-4 mm.	Herbs, annual or biennial, [10-]20-50[-150] cm tall.Fl. May-Oct.	NA	1106771	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erigeron_canadensis
Erigeron philadelphicus	Annuals, biennials, or short-lived perennials, 4–80 cm; fibrous-rooted, caudices simple. Stems erect (green proximally, leafy to arrays), hirsuto-villous to villous proximally, loosely strigose to sparsely hirsute distally, minutely glandular. Leaves basal (persistent or withering by flowering) and cauline; basal blades oblanceolate to obovate, (15–)30–110(–150) × 10–25(–40) mm, margins shallowly crenate to coarsely serrate or pinnately lobed, faces sparsely hirsute to villous, eglandular; cauline blades oblong-oblanceolate to lanceolate, gradually reduced distally (bases clasping to auriculate-clasping). Heads (1–)3–35 usually in corymbiform arrays (ultimate branches arising near stem tips). Involucres 4–6 × 6–15 mm. Phyllaries in 2–3 series (sometimes basally connate), hirsuto-villous to sparsely hirsute or glabrous, sometimes minutely glandular. Ray florets 150–250(–400); corollas usually white, sometimes pinkish, 5–10 mm, laminae not coiling or tardily coiling. Disc corollas 2.1–3.2 mm. Cypselae 0.6–1.1 mm, 2-nerved, faces sparsely strigose; pappi: outer of setae, inner of 15–20(–30) bristles.	NA	Stems erect (green proximally, leafy to arrays), hirsuto-villous to villous proximally, loosely strigose to sparsely hirsute distally, minutely glandular. 	Leaves basal (persistent or withering by flowering) and cauline; basal blades oblanceolate to obovate, (15–)30–110(–150) × 10–25(–40) mm, margins shallowly crenate to coarsely serrate or pinnately lobed, faces sparsely hirsute to villous, eglandular; cauline blades oblong-oblanceolate to lanceolate, gradually reduced distally (bases clasping to auriculate-clasping). Heads (1–)3–35 usually in corymbiform arrays (ultimate branches arising near stem tips). Involucres 4–6 × 6–15 mm. Phyllaries in 2–3 series (sometimes basally connate), hirsuto-villous to sparsely hirsute or glabrous, sometimes minutely glandular.	Ray florets 150–250(–400); corollas usually white, sometimes pinkish, 5–10 mm, laminae not coiling or tardily coiling. Disc corollas 2.1–3.2 mm. 	NA	Cypselae 0.6–1.1 mm, 2-nerved, faces sparsely strigose; pappi: outer of setae, inner of 15–20(–30) bristles.	Annuals, biennials, or short-lived perennials, 4–80 cm; fibrous-rooted, caudices simple.	NA	1108554	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erigeron_philadelphicus
Filago lutescens	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1095598	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filago_lutescens
Flaveria bidentis	Annuals. Stems erect, to 100 cm tall, sparsely villous. Leaves petiolate (proximal, petioles 3-15 mm) or sessile (distal); blades lanceolate-elliptic, 50-120(-180) × 10-25(-70) mm, bases (distal) connate, margins serrate or spinulose serrate. Capitula 20-100+ in tight subglomerules in scorpioid cymes; calycular bracts 1 or 2, 1-2 mm; involucres oblong-angular, ca. 5 mm; phyllaries 3(or 4), oblong. Ray florets 0 or 1; lamina pale yellow, obliquely ovate, to 1 mm (not or barely surpassing phyllaries). Disk florets (2 or)3-8; corolla tubes ca. 0.8 mm, throats funnelform, ca. 0.8 mm. Achenes oblanceolate or subclavate, 2-2.5 mm (those of ray florets longer); pappus absent. Fl. Jul-Nov. 2n = 36.	NA	Stems erect, to 100 cm tall, sparsely villous.	Leaves petiolate (proximal, petioles 3-15 mm) or sessile (distal); blades lanceolate-elliptic, 50-120(-180) × 10-25(-70) mm, bases (distal) connate, margins serrate or spinulose serrate.	Capitula 20-100+ in tight subglomerules in scorpioid cymes; calycular bracts 1 or 2, 1-2 mm; involucres oblong-angular, ca. 5 mm; phyllaries 3(or 4), oblong. Ray florets 0 or 1; lamina pale yellow, obliquely ovate, to 1 mm (not or barely surpassing phyllaries). Disk florets (2 or)3-8; corolla tubes ca. 0.8 mm, throats funnelform, ca. 0.8 mm.	NA	Achenes oblanceolate or subclavate, 2-2.5 mm (those of ray florets longer); pappus absent.	Annuals.Fl. Jul-Nov.	2n = 36.	1112947	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaveria_bidentis
Flaveria brownii	Perennials (perhaps flowering first year), 15–70 cm (glabrate). Stems erect or decumbent. Leaves sessile; blades linear, 5–12 cm × 2–8 mm, bases barely connate, margins entire or weakly serrate. Heads 20–100+, in ± open, paniculiform-corymbiform arrays. Calyculi of 1–2 linear bractlets 1–2.5 mm. Involucres oblong-angular, 4–5 mm. Phyllaries 5–6, boat-shaped (phyllaries enclosing ray florets conspicuously keeled). Ray florets 0 or 1; laminae yellow, oblong-elliptic, 2 mm. Disc florets (5–)7–10; corolla tubes 0.8–1.2 mm, throats funnelform, 1.2–1.5 mm (distal 1/2 expanded). Cypselae linear, 1.5–2 mm (those of rays longer); pappi 0. 2n = 36.	NA	Stems erect or decumbent. 	Leaves sessile; blades linear, 5–12 cm × 2–8 mm, bases barely connate, margins entire or weakly serrate.	Calyculi of 1–2 linear bractlets 1–2.5 mm. Involucres oblong-angular, 4–5 mm. Phyllaries 5–6, boat-shaped (phyllaries enclosing ray florets conspicuously keeled). Ray florets 0 or 1; laminae yellow, oblong-elliptic, 2 mm. Disc florets (5–)7–10; corolla tubes 0.8–1.2 mm, throats funnelform, 1.2–1.5 mm (distal 1/2 expanded). 	NA	Cypselae linear, 1.5–2 mm (those of rays longer); pappi 0.	Perennials (perhaps flowering first year), 15–70 cm (glabrate).	2n = 36.	1132244	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaveria_brownii
Flaveria floridana	Perennials (or annuals), 50–120 cm (usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely pubescent distally on peduncles). Stems erect. Leaves sessile; blades usually linear or lanceolate, rarely subelliptic, 50–140 × 4–17 mm, bases ± connate, margins entire, minutely serrate, or spinulose-serrate. Heads 20–100+, in dense, scorpioid-cymiform arrays. Calyculi of 1–3 linear-lanceolate bractlets 4–6 mm (often surpassing involucres). Involucres suburceolate, oblong-angular, 3.6–4.5 mm. Phyllaries 5–6(–9), oblong or ovate-orbiculate. Ray florets 0 or 1; laminae yellow, ovate-spatulate, 2–2.8 × 1.5–2 mm. Disc florets 9–14; corolla tubes 0.8–1 mm, throats funnelform, 1.3–1.5 mm. Cypselae oblong-oblanceolate or linear, 1.2–1.8 mm; pappi 0. 2n = 36.	NA	Stems erect. 	Leaves sessile; blades usually linear or lanceolate, rarely subelliptic, 50–140 × 4–17 mm, bases ± connate, margins entire, minutely serrate, or spinulose-serrate. 	Heads 20–100+, in dense, scorpioid-cymiform arrays.Calyculi of 1–3 linear-lanceolate bractlets 4–6 mm (often surpassing involucres). Involucres suburceolate, oblong-angular, 3.6–4.5 mm. Phyllaries 5–6(–9), oblong or ovate-orbiculate. Ray florets 0 or 1; laminae yellow, ovate-spatulate, 2–2.8 × 1.5–2 mm. Disc florets 9–14; corolla tubes 0.8–1 mm, throats funnelform, 1.3–1.5 mm.	NA	Cypselae oblong-oblanceolate or linear, 1.2–1.8 mm; pappi 0.	Perennials (or annuals), 50–120 cm (usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely pubescent distally on peduncles).	2n = 36.	418781	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaveria_floridana
Flaveria linearis	Flaveria linearis a woody perennial shrub to 2 meters in height. The sessile leaves are linear, arranged oppositely, to 15 cm in length, 1 cm in width, with an acute leaf apex, and an entire leaf margin. The flowers are arranged in corymbs of heads subtended an involucre made of 5-8 series of phyllaries. The imperfect flowers have 3 yellow fused petals and no stamens. The perfect flowers have a corolla with 5 fused, yellow petals. There are 5 stamens fused at their base. In both types of flowers the ovary is inferior with a single locule but only the imperfect flowers have functional ovules. The fruit is an achene at maturity that retains the modified calyx (pappus) that is fused forming a shallow cup.	NA	NA	The sessile leaves are linear, arranged oppositely, to 15 cm in length, 1 cm in width, with an acute leaf apex, and an entire leaf margin.	The flowers are arranged in corymbs of heads subtended an involucre made of 5-8 series of phyllaries. The imperfect flowers have 3 yellow fused petals and no stamens. The perfect flowers have a corolla with 5 fused, yellow petals. There are 5 stamens fused at their base. In both types of flowers the ovary is inferior with a single locule but only the imperfect flowers have functional ovules.	NA	The fruit is an achene at maturity that retains the modified calyx (pappus) that is fused forming a shallow cup.	Flaveria linearis a woody perennial shrub to 2 meters in height.	NA	418782	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaveria_linearis
Flaveria ramosissima	Flaveria ramosissima is an annual herb up to 50 cm (20 in) tall. Leaves are narrow, up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. One plant can produce numerous small flower heads in loose, branching arrays. Each head contains 5-10 disc flowers and sometimes one ray flower.	NA	NA	Leaves are narrow, up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long.	One plant can produce numerous small flower heads in loose, branching arrays. Each head contains 5-10 disc flowers and sometimes one ray flower.	NA	NA	Flaveria ramosissima is an annual herb up to 50 cm (20 in) tall.	NA	1089360	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaveria_ramosissima
Flaveria robusta	Flaveria robusta is a shrub up to 170 cm (68 inches or 5 2/3 feet) tall. One plant can produce numerous small flower heads in loose, branching arrays. Each head contains about 7 disc flowers but no ray flowers.	NA	NA	NA	One plant can produce numerous small flower heads in loose, branching arrays. Each head contains about 7 disc flowers but no ray flowers.	NA	NA	Flaveria robusta is a shrub up to 170 cm (68 inches or 5 2/3 feet) tall.	NA	1092568	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaveria_robusta
Flaveria sonorensis	Flaveria sonorensis is a perennial herb up to 100 cm (39 in) tall. Leaves are long and narrow, up to 14 cm (5.5 in) long. One plant will produce numerous small flower heads in flat-topped clusters, each head with 5-7 disc flowers and sometimes a single ray flower.	NA	NA	Leaves are long and narrow, up to 14 cm (5.5 in) long.	One plant will produce numerous small flower heads in flat-topped clusters, each head with 5-7 disc flowers and sometimes a single ray flower.	NA	NA	Flaveria sonorensis is a perennial herb up to 100 cm (39 in) tall.	NA	1100856	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaveria_sonorensis
Flaveria trinervia	Annuals, to 200+ cm (delicate or robust, glabrate or glabrous). Stems erect. Leaves petiolate (proximal, petioles 10–20 mm) or sessile (distal); blades lanceolate or oblanceolate to elliptic or subovate, 30–150 × (7–)10–40 mm, bases (distal) connate, margins serrate, serrate-dentate, or spinulose-serrate. Heads 30–300+, in tight, axillary, sessile glomerules (receptacles of glomerules setose). Calyculi 0. Involucres oblong and cylindric or angular, 3.8–4.5 mm. Phyllaries usually 2, oblong (closely investing and falling with mature cypselae). Ray florets 0–1; laminae pale yellow or whitish, oblique or suborbiculate, 0.5–1 mm. Disc florets 0–1(–2); corolla tubes 0.5–1.4 mm, throats campanulate, 0.5–0.8 mm. Cypselae oblanceoloid to subclavate, 2–2.6 mm (rays longer); pappi 0. 2n = 36.	NA	Stems erect. 	Leaves petiolate (proximal, petioles 10–20 mm) or sessile (distal); blades lanceolate or oblanceolate to elliptic or subovate, 30–150 × (7–)10–40 mm, bases (distal) connate, margins serrate, serrate-dentate, or spinulose-serrate. 	Heads 30–300+, in tight, axillary, sessile glomerules (receptacles of glomerules setose). Calyculi 0. Involucres oblong and cylindric or angular, 3.8–4.5 mm. Phyllaries usually 2, oblong (closely investing and falling with mature cypselae). Ray florets 0–1; laminae pale yellow or whitish, oblique or suborbiculate, 0.5–1 mm. Disc florets 0–1(–2); corolla tubes 0.5–1.4 mm, throats campanulate, 0.5–0.8 mm. 	NA	Cypselae oblanceoloid to subclavate, 2–2.6 mm (rays longer); pappi 0.	Annuals, to 200+ cm (delicate or robust, glabrate or glabrous).	2n = 36.	1145437	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaveria_trinervia
Glebionis coronaria	Herbs, annual, glabrous or almost so; stems erect, 70 cm tall, unbranched or few branched above middle. Basal leaves withered by anthesis; lower and middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate in outline, 8-10 × 3-4 cm, 1 or 2(or 3)-pinnatisect or pinnatifid, primary segments 2-4-paired, ultimate lobes ovate or linear; upper stem leaves gradually smaller. Capitula terminal, solitary or few, not forming conspicuous panicle; peduncle 15-20 cm. Involucres cup-shaped, 1.5-3 cm in diam; phyllaries in 4 rows, inner ca. 1 cm, apex widened, scarious. Ray achenes narrowly 3-winged. Disk achenes 1- or 2-ribbed. Fl. and fr. Sep. 2n = 18*	NA	Stems erect, 70 cm tall, unbranched or few branched above middle.	Basal leaves withered by anthesis; lower and middle stem leaves sessile; leaf blade narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate in outline, 8-10 × 3-4 cm, 1 or 2(or 3)-pinnatisect or pinnatifid, primary segments 2-4-paired, ultimate lobes ovate or linear; upper stem leaves gradually smaller.	Capitula terminal, solitary or few, not forming conspicuous panicle; peduncle 15-20 cm. Involucres cup-shaped, 1.5-3 cm in diam; phyllaries in 4 rows, inner ca. 1 cm, apex widened, scarious.	NA	Ray achenes narrowly 3-winged. Disk achenes 1- or 2-ribbed.	Herbs, annual, glabrous or almost so.Fl. and fr. Sep.	2n = 18*	1089790	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glebionis_coronaria
Gnaphalium uliginosum	Branching annual, 0.5–2.5 dm, generally diffuse; stem densely and often rather loosely white-woolly, the lvs sparsely so; lvs numerous, mainly or wholly cauline, linear or oblanceolate, to 4 cm × 5 mm; heads glomerate in numerous small clusters in the axils and at the ends of the branches, overtopped by their subtending lvs; invol 2–3 mm, woolly at base, its bracts greenish or brown, often paler at the tip, not much imbricate, acute, or the outer obtuse; achenes papillate or smooth; 2n=14. Streambanks and waste places, wet or dry; a European weed, now established nearly throughout our range, n. to Nf. and w. to B.C. July–Oct.	NA	Stem densely and often rather loosely white-woolly, the lvs sparsely so.	Lvs numerous, mainly or wholly cauline, linear or oblanceolate, to 4 cm × 5 mm.	Heads glomerate in numerous small clusters in the axils and at the ends of the branches, overtopped by their subtending lvs; invol 2–3 mm, woolly at base, its bracts greenish or brown, often paler at the tip, not much imbricate, acute, or the outer obtuse.	NA	Achenes papillate or smooth.	A European weed, branching annual, 0.5–2.5 dm, generally diffuse.	2n=14.	1090622	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaphalium_uliginosum
Helianthus annuus	Annuals, 100-300 cm. Stems erect, usually hispid. Leaves mostly cauline, mostly alternate; petiole 2-20 cm; blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 10-40 × 5-40 cm, abaxially usually ± hispid, sometimes gland-dotted, base cuneate to subcordate or cordate, margin serrate. Capitula 1-9; peduncles 2-20 cm; involucres hemispheric or broader, 15-40(-200) mm in diam; phyllaries 20-30(-100), ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 13-25 × (3-)5-8 mm, abaxially usually hirsute to hispid, rarely glabrate or glabrous, usually gland-dotted, margin usually ciliate, apex abruptly narrowed, long acuminate; paleae 9-11 mm, 3-toothed, middle teeth long acuminate, glabrous or hispid. Ray florets (13-)17-30(-100+); lamina 25-50 mm. Disk florets 150-1000; corollas 5-8 mm, throats bulbous at bases, lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow; anthers brownish to black, appendages yellow or dark. Achenes (3-)4-5(-15) mm, glabrate; pappus of 2 lanceolate scales 2-3.5 mm plus 0-4 obtuse scales 0.5-1 mm. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 34.	NA	Stems erect, usually hispid.	Leaves mostly cauline, mostly alternate; petiole 2-20 cm; blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 10-40 × 5-40 cm, abaxially usually ± hispid, sometimes gland-dotted, base cuneate to subcordate or cordate, margin serrate. Capitula 1-9; peduncles 2-20 cm; involucres hemispheric or broader, 15-40(-200) mm in diam; phyllaries 20-30(-100), ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 13-25 × (3-)5-8 mm, abaxially usually hirsute to hispid, rarely glabrate or glabrous, usually gland-dotted, margin usually ciliate, apex abruptly narrowed, long acuminate; paleae 9-11 mm, 3-toothed, middle teeth long acuminate, glabrous or hispid.	Ray florets (13-)17-30(-100+); lamina 25-50 mm. Disk florets 150-1000; corollas 5-8 mm, throats bulbous at bases, lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow; anthers brownish to black, appendages yellow or dark.	NA	Achenes (3-)4-5(-15) mm, glabrate; pappus of 2 lanceolate scales 2-3.5 mm plus 0-4 obtuse scales 0.5-1 mm.	Annuals, 100-300 cm.Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Aug-Oct.	2n = 34.	1093449	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helianthus_annuus
Helianthus tuberosus	Herbs, perennial, 50-200 cm, rhizomatous, producing tubers late in growing season. Stems erect, scabrid-hispid to hirsute, sometimes glaucous. Leaves mostly cauline, opposite or alternate proximally, usually alternate distally; petiole 2-8 cm, often ± winged; blade lanceolate to ovate, 10-23 × 7-15 cm, 3-veined from near base, abaxially puberulent or hirsutulous to tomentulose and gland-dotted or ± scabrid, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margin entire or serrate. Capitula 3-15; peduncles 1-15 cm; involucres hemispheric, 10-25 × 8-12 mm; phyllaries often dark green, drying nearly black, 22-35, subequal, lanceolate, 8.5-15 × 2-4 mm, abaxially hispidulous or puberulent, gland-dotted, base appressed, margin ciliate, apex ± spreading, sometimes reflexed in fruit, acuminate; paleae 8-9 mm, 3-toothed, apices hairy. Ray florets 10-20; lamina 25-40 mm. Disk florets 60+; corollas 6-7 mm, lobes yellow; anthers dark brown or black, appendages dark or yellowish. Achenes 5-7 mm, glabrous or apically hairy; pappus of 2 aristate scales 1.9-3 mm plus 0-1 deltate scales 0.5-0.8 mm. Fl. Aug-Sep. 2n = 102.	NA	Stems erect, scabrid-hispid to hirsute, sometimes glaucous.	Leaves mostly cauline, opposite or alternate proximally, usually alternate distally; petiole 2-8 cm, often ± winged; blade lanceolate to ovate, 10-23 × 7-15 cm, 3-veined from near base, abaxially puberulent or hirsutulous to tomentulose and gland-dotted or ± scabrid, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margin entire or serrate.	Capitula 3-15; peduncles 1-15 cm; involucres hemispheric, 10-25 × 8-12 mm; phyllaries often dark green, drying nearly black, 22-35, subequal, lanceolate, 8.5-15 × 2-4 mm, abaxially hispidulous or puberulent, gland-dotted, base appressed, margin ciliate, apex ± spreading, sometimes reflexed in fruit, acuminate; paleae 8-9 mm, 3-toothed, apices hairy. Ray florets 10-20; lamina 25-40 mm. Disk florets 60+; corollas 6-7 mm, lobes yellow; anthers dark brown or black, appendages dark or yellowish.	NA	Achenes 5-7 mm, glabrous or apically hairy; pappus of 2 aristate scales 1.9-3 mm plus 0-1 deltate scales 0.5-0.8 mm.	Herbs, perennial, 50-200 cm, rhizomatous, producing tubers late in growing season.Fl. Aug-Sep.	2n = 102.	1083971	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helianthus_tuberosus
Helichrysum umbraculigerum	Perennial herb, up to 1 m high.Stems often decumbent and rooting, then erect, young parts thinly grey-woolly, leafy, nude only near flower heads. Leaves: blade variable in shape, narrowly obovate, elliptic, ovate or rhomboid-ovate, 20-80 x 3-25 mm, smaller upwards passing into bracts, apex acute or subacute, base attenuate, cuneate or abruptly petiole-like narrowed, ear-clasping; upper surface cobwebby or thinly to thickly greyish white-woolly and glandular-hairy, lower surface thickly greyish white-woolly, wool sometimes absent.Heads discoid, cylindric, ± 3 x 1 mm, many crowded and webbed together with white wool to form flattened umbrellalike disc. Involucral bracts in 2 series, subequal, loosely imbricate, ± equalling florets, not radiating, canary-yellow; outer often golden-brown, stereome divided. Receptacle epaleate, nearly smooth. Flowers: disc florets only, 3-6; corolla narrowly campanulate above, yellow; Jan.-Mar.Fruit with cypsela hairy. Pappus absent or of few barbellate bristles, bases not cohering.Flowers 3-4(-6), yellow. Achenes 0.5-0.75 mm long, barrel-shaped, with duplex hairs. Pappus bristles 0-7, shorter than corolla, scabrid, bases not cohering.	NA	Stems often decumbent and rooting, then erect, young parts thinly grey-woolly, leafy, nude only near flower heads.	Leaves: blade variable in shape, narrowly obovate, elliptic, ovate or rhomboid-ovate, 20-80 x 3-25 mm, smaller upwards passing into bracts, apex acute or subacute, base attenuate, cuneate or abruptly petiole-like narrowed, ear-clasping; upper surface cobwebby or thinly to thickly greyish white-woolly and glandular-hairy, lower surface thickly greyish white-woolly, wool sometimes absent.	Disc florets only, 3-6; corolla narrowly campanulate above, yellow	NA	Achenes 0.5-0.75 mm long, barrel-shaped, with duplex hairs. Pappus bristles 0-7, shorter than corolla, scabrid, bases not cohering.	Perennial herb, up to 1 m high.Flowers 3-4(-6), yellow.	NA	1107334	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helichrysum_umbraculigerum
Lactuca saligna	Annuals (perhaps persisting), 15–70(–100+) cm. Leaves on proximal 1/2–3/4+ of each stem; blades of undivided cauline leaves ± linear to filiform, margins entire or denticulate, midribs usually prickly-setose. Heads in race-miform to spiciform arrays. Involucres 6–9(–13+) mm. Phyl-laries usually erect in fruit. Florets 6–12(–20+); corollas yellow (sometimes abaxially bluish), usually deliquescent. Cypselae: bodies pale brown, ± flattened, elliptic to oblanceolate, 2.5–3.5 mm, beaks ± filiform, (2–)5–6 mm, faces 5–7-nerved; pappi white, 5–6 mm. 2n = 18.	NA	NA	Leaves on proximal 1/2–3/4+ of each stem; blades of undivided cauline leaves ± linear to filiform, margins entire or denticulate, midribs usually prickly-setose. 	Heads in race-miform to spiciform arrays. Involucres 6–9(–13+) mm. Phyl-laries usually erect in fruit. Florets 6–12(–20+); corollas yellow (sometimes abaxially bluish), usually deliquescent. 	NA	Cypselae: bodies pale brown, ± flattened, elliptic to oblanceolate, 2.5–3.5 mm, beaks ± filiform, (2–)5–6 mm, faces 5–7-nerved; pappi white, 5–6 mm.	Annuals (perhaps persisting), 15–70(–100+) cm.	2n = 18.	1084323	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_saligna
Lactuca sativa	Lettuce is annual or biennial The yellow florets are held in few-flowered capitula, in large paniculate inflorescences Rosette of sessile, amplexicaul leaves. The pappus 3 mm long. The involucre is 9–12 mm long Is widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable, though I have seen no herbarium specimens from our area.	NA	NA	Rosette of sessile, amplexicaul leaves.	The yellow florets are held in few-flowered capitula, in large paniculate inflorescences.The involucre is 9–12 mm long Is widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable.	NA	The pappus 3 mm long.	Lettuce is annual or biennial.	NA	1099606	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_sativa
Lactuca serriola	Herbs 50-80 cm tall, annual. Stem solitary, pale, erect, usually branched only apically, glabrous or prickly setose in basal part. Leaves rather rigid, usually held in vertical plane in sunshine, midrib abaxially often prickly setose. Lower and middle stem leaves oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 3-7.5 × 1-4.5 cm, pinnatifid, pinnatisect, or more rarely not divided and leaf broadly linear, base auriculately clasping, margin spinulose; lateral lobes usually 3-6 pairs, truncate, falcate, triangular-falcate, or ovate-falcate; terminal lobe triangular-ovate, rhombic, or broadly linear. Uppermost stem leaves smaller, otherwise similar to middle stem leaves or lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or linear, margin entire. Synflorescence paniculiform and much branched to almost racemiform in meager plants, with numerous capitula. Capitula with 15-25 florets. Involucre narrowly cylindric and 8-10 mm at anthesis, ovoid and ca. 6 mm in diam. in fruit. Phyllaries usually reflexed in fruit, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, approaching inner phyllaries in length; inner phyllaries ca. 8. Florets yellow. Achene body pale brown, narrowly obovoid, ca. 3.5 mm, compressed, with 7-9 ribs on either side; beak whitish, filiform, 3.5-5 mm. Pappus ca. 5 mm, ± caducous. Fl. and fr. Jun-Aug. 2n = 18.	NA	Stem solitary, pale, erect, usually branched only apically, glabrous or prickly setose in basal part.	Leaves rather rigid, usually held in vertical plane in sunshine, midrib abaxially often prickly setose. Lower and middle stem leaves oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 3-7.5 × 1-4.5 cm, pinnatifid, pinnatisect, or more rarely not divided and leaf broadly linear, base auriculately clasping, margin spinulose; lateral lobes usually 3-6 pairs, truncate, falcate, triangular-falcate, or ovate-falcate; terminal lobe triangular-ovate, rhombic, or broadly linear. Uppermost stem leaves smaller, otherwise similar to middle stem leaves or lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or linear, margin entire. 	Synflorescence paniculiform and much branched to almost racemiform in meager plants, with numerous capitula. Capitula with 15-25 florets. Involucre narrowly cylindric and 8-10 mm at anthesis, ovoid and ca. 6 mm in diam. in fruit. Phyllaries usually reflexed in fruit, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, approaching inner phyllaries in length; inner phyllaries ca. 8. Florets yellow.	NA	Achene body pale brown, narrowly obovoid, ca. 3.5 mm, compressed, with 7-9 ribs on either side; beak whitish, filiform, 3.5-5 mm. Pappus ca. 5 mm, ± caducous.	Herbs 50-80 cm tall, annual. Fl. and fr. Jun-Aug.	2n = 18.	1106583	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_serriola
Lactuca virosa	Similar to L. serriola, but stem leaves with ± horizontal spread, undivided, rarely beefy lobes, with wide, toothed tips comprehensive. Fruit black, 4–5mm long, also bald at the tip, beak significantly shorter than L. serriola. 	NA	NA	NA	Stem leaves with ± horizontal spread, undivided, rarely beefy lobes, with wide, toothed tips comprehensive.	NA	Fruit black, 4–5mm long, also bald at the tip, beak significantly shorter than L. serriola.	Similar to L. serriola,	NA	1095628	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactuca_virosa
Logfia minima	A diminutive weed native to Eurasia, little false cotton-rose has made an occasional appearance in North America in ship ballast dumps and open disturbed areas since 1878.	NA	Stem has hairs between the nodes;there is at least one full leaf above the base of the flowering stem	The base of the leaf blade is cuneate (wedge-shaped, tapers to the base with relatively straight, converging edges), or narrow;the leaves are nearly similar in size, prominence of teeth, and length of stalks throughout the stem.	The flower head has disk flowers only, and lacks the strap-shaped flowers;hairs are present on the stem of the inflorescence	NA	The pappus hairs are smooth and plain,1.8–2.1 mm	NA	NA	1171537	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logfia_minima
Mikania micrantha	Vines, slender, branched. Stems yellowish or brownish, usually terete, slightly striate, glabrate to sparsely puberulent. Leaves opposite; petiole 1-6 cm; blade ovate, 3-13 × ca. 10 cm, both surfaces glabrate with numerous glandular spots, base cordate to deeply so, margin entire to coarsely dentate, apex shortly acuminate. Synflorescence a corymbose panicle, capitula clustered on subcymose branches; phyllaries oblong, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous to puberulent, apex shortly acuminate; corollas white, 2.5-3 mm, tube narrow, limb broadly campanulate, inside papillate. Achenes 1.5-2 mm, 4-ribbed, with many scattered glands; pappus setae dirty white, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. year-round. 2n = 36, 72.	NA	Stems yellowish or brownish, usually terete, slightly striate, glabrate to sparsely puberulent. Leaves opposite; petiole 1-6 cm; blade ovate, 3-13 × ca. 10 cm, both surfaces glabrate with numerous glandular spots, base cordate to deeply so, margin entire to coarsely dentate, apex shortly acuminate.	NA	Synflorescence a corymbose panicle, capitula clustered on subcymose branches; phyllaries oblong, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous to puberulent, apex shortly acuminate; corollas white, 2.5-3 mm, tube narrow, limb broadly campanulate, inside papillate.	NA	Achenes 1.5-2 mm, 4-ribbed, with many scattered glands; pappus setae dirty white, ca. 3 mm.	Vines, slender, branched.Fl. and fr. year-round.	2n = 36, 72.	1083243	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikania_micrantha
Pilosella piloselloides	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1111308	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosella_piloselloides
Pluchea indica	Shrubs, erect, to 2 m tall, sulcate-striate, much branched, branches finely shortly crisp hairy, later glabrate. Leaves sessile or very shortly petiolate, obovate, 2.3-8 × 1-4 cm, thickly papery, abaxially loosely puberulent to subglabrous, adaxially minutely puberulent, veinlets distinct, base attenuate, margin acutely dentate, apex acute to mucronate. Capitula narrowly cylindric to campanulate, 5-6 mm in diam. when fresh, to 9-10 mm in diam. in dried specimen, 6-7 mm, in dense terminal and axillary corymbs; peduncle 0-10 mm. Involucre ovate, 4-6 mm; phyllaries 6- or 7-seriate, outer ones 2-2.5 × ca. 1.5 mm, margins ciliolate, apex obtuse, inner lanceolate to linear, 4-6 × 0.25-1 mm, margins entire, apex obtuse. Receptacle densely hirsutulous. Marginal florets numerous; corolla 3-5 mm; style greatly exserted; achenes brown, cylindric, with 5-7 pale ribs, slightly curved, ca. 1 × 0.3 mm, subglabrous; pappus white, ca. 5 mm, slightly exceeding corolla. Central florets 2-7; corolla 4.5-5.5 mm, 5-lobed, lobes glandular; anthers and style greatly exserted; achenes vestigial; pappus white, as long as corolla. 2n = 20, 60.	NA	NA	Leaves sessile or very shortly petiolate, obovate, 2.3-8 × 1-4 cm, thickly papery, abaxially loosely puberulent to subglabrous, adaxially minutely puberulent, veinlets distinct, base attenuate, margin acutely dentate, apex acute to mucronate.	Capitula narrowly cylindric to campanulate, 5-6 mm in diam. when fresh, to 9-10 mm in diam. in dried specimen, 6-7 mm, in dense terminal and axillary corymbs; peduncle 0-10 mm. Involucre ovate, 4-6 mm; phyllaries 6- or 7-seriate, outer ones 2-2.5 × ca. 1.5 mm, margins ciliolate, apex obtuse, inner lanceolate to linear, 4-6 × 0.25-1 mm, margins entire, apex obtuse. Receptacle densely hirsutulous. Marginal florets numerous; corolla 3-5 mm; style greatly exserted.	NA	Achenes brown, cylindric, with 5-7 pale ribs, slightly curved, ca. 1 × 0.3 mm, subglabrous; pappus white, ca. 5 mm, slightly exceeding corolla. Central florets 2-7; corolla 4.5-5.5 mm, 5-lobed, lobes glandular; anthers and style greatly exserted.	Shrubs, erect, to 2 m tall, sulcate-striate, much branched, branches finely shortly crisp hairy, later glabrate.	2n = 20, 60.	1091060	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluchea_indica
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum	Herbs, annual, 15-40 cm, taprooted or fibrous-rooted. Stems loosely white tomentose, not glandular. Leaves crowded; internodes 1-5, sometimes to 10 mm; blade narrowly obovate to subspatulate, 1-3(-6) cm × 2-8 mm (distal smaller, oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or linear), both surfaces mostly concolorous to weakly bicolored, abaxially gray tomentose, adaxially usually gray tomentose, sometimes glabrescent, neither surface glandular, bases subclasping, usually decurrent 1-2 mm, margin weakly revolute. Capitula in terminal glomerules 1-2 cm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate, 3-4 mm; phyllaries 3- or 4-seriate, silvery gray to yellowish, hyaline, ovate to ovate-oblong, glabrous. Female florets 135-160. Bisexual florets 5-10; corollas red tipped. Achenes not evidently ridged, conspicuously dotted with whitish, papilliform hairs. Pappus bristles loosely coherent basally, released in clusters or easily fragmented rings. 2n = 14, 28.	NA	Stems loosely white tomentose, not glandular.	Leaves crowded; internodes 1-5, sometimes to 10 mm; blade narrowly obovate to subspatulate, 1-3(-6) cm × 2-8 mm (distal smaller, oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or linear), both surfaces mostly concolorous to weakly bicolored, abaxially gray tomentose, adaxially usually gray tomentose, sometimes glabrescent, neither surface glandular, bases subclasping, usually decurrent 1-2 mm, margin weakly revolute. Capitula in terminal glomerules 1-2 cm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate, 3-4 mm; phyllaries 3- or 4-seriate, silvery gray to yellowish, hyaline, ovate to ovate-oblong, glabrous.	Female florets 135-160. Bisexual florets 5-10; corollas red tipped.	NA	Achenes not evidently ridged, conspicuously dotted with whitish, papilliform hairs. Pappus bristles loosely coherent basally, released in clusters or easily fragmented rings.	Herbs, annual, 15-40 cm, taprooted or fibrous-rooted.	2n = 14, 28.	1090713	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudognaphalium_luteoalbum
Pulicaria dysenterica	Herbs perennial, velutinous or woolly. Leaves oblong, base cordate, clasping; margin slightly undulate, or dentate. Heads borne on branch tips; involucre globose, 1.1-1.5 cm in diam; involucral bracts 5-6-layered, linear-lanceolate, densely woolly. Tongue flowers numerous, tongue narrow, much longer than involucre; crested hairs stained white, four or five times longer than achenes. Achenes sericeous. -This head is larger, usually 3-15 per plant; involucre diameter 0.7-1 cm	NA	NA	Leaves oblong, base cordate, clasping; margin slightly undulate, or dentate. Heads borne on branch tips; involucre globose, 1.1-1.5 cm in diam; involucral bracts 5-6-layered, linear-lanceolate, densely woolly.	Tongue flowers numerous, tongue narrow, much longer than involucre; crested hairs stained white, four or five times longer than achenes.	NA	Achenes sericeous. -This head is larger, usually 3-15 per plant; involucre diameter 0.7-1 cm	Herbs perennial, velutinous or woolly.	NA	1101373	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulicaria_dysenterica
Rudbeckia hirta	Annuals, biennials, or perennials. Stems hispid to hirsute. Leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate, hispid to hirsute, base attenuate to cuneate, margin entire or serrate, apex acute; basal leaves petiolate, blade 8-30 × 0.5-7 cm; cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, blade 3-20 × 0.4-4 cm. Capitula solitary or 2-5 in loose, corymbiform arrays; phyllaries to 3 cm; receptacle hemispheric to ovoid; paleae 4-6 mm, abaxially hirsute to hispid at apex, apex acute, often attenuate. Ray florets 8-16; corolla limb usually uniformly yellow to yellow-orange or with a basal maroon splotch, sometimes mostly maroon, elliptic to oblong or oblanceolate, 15-45 × 5-10 mm, abaxially hispid to hirsute. Disk 1.2-2.2 × 1-2 cm; disk florets numerous; corolla proximally yellowish green, distally brown-purple, 3-4.2 mm; style branches ca. 1.5 mm, apex subulate. Achenes 1.5-2.7 mm; pappus absent. Fl. Jun-Sep.	NA	Stems hispid to hirsute.	Leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate, hispid to hirsute, base attenuate to cuneate, margin entire or serrate, apex acute; basal leaves petiolate, blade 8-30 × 0.5-7 cm; cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, blade 3-20 × 0.4-4 cm. Capitula solitary or 2-5 in loose, corymbiform arrays; phyllaries to 3 cm; receptacle hemispheric to ovoid; paleae 4-6 mm, abaxially hirsute to hispid at apex, apex acute, often attenuate.	Ray florets 8-16; corolla limb usually uniformly yellow to yellow-orange or with a basal maroon splotch, sometimes mostly maroon, elliptic to oblong or oblanceolate, 15-45 × 5-10 mm, abaxially hispid to hirsute. Disk 1.2-2.2 × 1-2 cm; disk florets numerous; corolla proximally yellowish green, distally brown-purple, 3-4.2 mm; style branches ca. 1.5 mm, apex subulate.	NA	NA	Annuals, biennials, or perennials.Fl. Jun-Sep.	NA	1110045	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudbeckia_hirta
Saussurea involucrata	Herbs 15-50 cm tall, perennial. Caudex stout, unbranched, densely covered with fibrous remains of petioles. Stem solitary, 1.5-3 cm in diam., erect, simple. Rosette and stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade narrowly ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 8-13 × 2-4 cm, both surfaces green and glandular hairy, base decurrent, margin denticulate to serrulate, apex acute to obtuse. Uppermost stem leaves sessile, ovate to elliptic, 5.5-12 × 3.5-6.5 cm, membranous, stellately surrounding synflorescence, both surfaces pale yellow. Capitula 10-20, in a hemispheric synflorescence 8-15 cm in diam., sessile or shortly pedunculate. Involucre hemispheric to broadly campanulate, 1-2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, dark or light brown with dark margin, sparsely pubescent, apex acute; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate-elliptic, 8-11 × 2.5-5 mm; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to linear, 10-18 × 1.5-2 mm. Receptacle papillose; papillae 0.5-1 mm. Corolla purple, 1.3-1.8 cm, tube 7-9 mm, limb 6-9 mm, lobes 3-5 mm. Achene straw-colored with blackish spots, cylindric, 4.8-6.7 mm, 5- or 6-ribbed. Pappus dirty white; outer bristles 0.5-3 mm; inner bristles 0.8-1.5 cm. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 32*.	NA	Stem solitary, 1.5-3 cm in diam., erect, simple.	Rosette and stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade narrowly ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 8-13 × 2-4 cm, both surfaces green and glandular hairy, base decurrent, margin denticulate to serrulate, apex acute to obtuse. Uppermost stem leaves sessile, ovate to elliptic, 5.5-12 × 3.5-6.5 cm, membranous, stellately surrounding synflorescence, both surfaces pale yellow.	Capitula 10-20, in a hemispheric synflorescence 8-15 cm in diam., sessile or shortly pedunculate. Involucre hemispheric to broadly campanulate, 1-2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, dark or light brown with dark margin, sparsely pubescent, apex acute; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate-elliptic, 8-11 × 2.5-5 mm; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to linear, 10-18 × 1.5-2 mm. Receptacle papillose; papillae 0.5-1 mm. Corolla purple, 1.3-1.8 cm, tube 7-9 mm, limb 6-9 mm, lobes 3-5 mm.	NA	Achene straw-colored with blackish spots, cylindric, 4.8-6.7 mm, 5- or 6-ribbed. Pappus dirty white; outer bristles 0.5-3 mm; inner bristles 0.8-1.5 cm.	Herbs 15-50 cm tall, perennial. Caudex stout, unbranched, densely covered with fibrous remains of petioles.Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Aug-Oct.	2n = 32*.	1087127	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saussurea_involucrata
Scalesia atractyloides	Scalesia is a genus in the family Asteraceae endemic to the Galapagos Islands. It contains fifteen species that grow as shrubs or trees. This is unusual, because tree species are uncommon in Asteraceae. The genus Scalesia resulted from a blunder by Arnott who named it in honour of "W. Scales Esq., Cawdor Castle, Elginshire" but discovered after publication that the name should have read 'Stables', after Scottish botanist, William Alexander Stables (1810–1890).	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1097563	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalesia_atractyloides
Senecio squalidus	Like all members of the family Asteraceae, Senecio squalidus has a composite flower head known as a capitulum. What look like single flowers are actually a cluster of florets, each petal or ligule being a flower, or floret, possessing its own stamen and capable of producing the specialized seed of the family Asteraceae, the parachute-like achene	NA	NA	NA	Like all members of the family Asteraceae, Senecio squalidus has a composite flower head known as a capitulum.	NA	NA	NA	NA	1102164	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senecio_squalidus
Silphium perfoliatum	Plants caulescent, 75–300 cm; fibrous rooted. Stems square, glabrous, hispid, or scabrous. Leaves: basal caducous; cauline usually opposite, rarely whorled (in 3s), petiolate or sessile; blades deltate, lanceolate, or ovate, 2–41 × 0.5–24 cm, bases attenuate or truncate (distal connate-perfoliate), margins entire, dentate, or bidentate, apices acuminate to acute, faces scabrous to hispid. Phyllaries 25–37 in 2–3 series, outer appressed, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces scabrous or hispid. Ray florets 17–35; corollas yellow. Disc florets 85–150 (–200); corollas yellow. Cypselae 8–12 × 5–9 mm; pappi 0.5–1.5 mm.	Fibrous rooted. 	Stems square, glabrous, hispid, or scabrous. 	Leaves: basal caducous; cauline usually opposite, rarely whorled (in 3s), petiolate or sessile; blades deltate, lanceolate, or ovate, 2–41 × 0.5–24 cm, bases attenuate or truncate (distal connate-perfoliate), margins entire, dentate, or bidentate, apices acuminate to acute, faces scabrous to hispid. Phyllaries 25–37 in 2–3 series, outer appressed, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces scabrous or hispid. 	Ray florets 17–35; corollas yellow. Disc florets 85–150 (–200); corollas yellow.	NA	Cypselae 8–12 × 5–9 mm; pappi 0.5–1.5 mm.	Plants caulescent, 75–300 cm.	NA	1092930	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silphium_perfoliatum
Silybum marianum	Stems glabrous or slightly tomentose. Leaves: basal wing-petioled, blades 15–60+ cm, margins coarsely lobed; cauline leaves clasping, progressively smaller and less divided, bases spiny, coiled, auriculate. Phyllary appendages spreading, ovate, 1–4 cm including long-tapered spine tips. Corollas 26–35 mm; tubes 13–25 mm, throats campanulate, 2–3 mm, lobes 5–9 mm. Cypselae brown and black spotted, 6–8 mm; pappus scales 15–20 mm. 2n = 34.	NA	Stems glabrous or slightly tomentose. 	Leaves: basal wing-petioled, blades 15–60+ cm, margins coarsely lobed; cauline leaves clasping, progressively smaller and less divided, bases spiny, coiled, auriculate. Phyllary appendages spreading, ovate, 1–4 cm including long-tapered spine tips. 	Corollas 26–35 mm; tubes 13–25 mm, throats campanulate, 2–3 mm, lobes 5–9 mm. 	NA	Cypselae brown and black spotted, 6–8 mm; pappus scales 15–20 mm. 	NA	2n = 34.	1106175	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silybum_marianum
Smallanthus sonchifolius	Herbs, perennial, 1-3 m tall. Stems cylindric and hollow; underground part irregularly branched, often producing spindle-shaped tubers 100-200 mm and 30-80 mm in diam. Lower leaves broadly ovate and hastate or subhastate, connate and auriculate at base; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, without lobes and hastate base; upper and lower surfaces densely pubescent. Synflorescence terminal, composed of 1-5 branches, each one with 3 capitula; peduncles densely pilose; phyllaries 5, 1-seriate, ovate. Corollas yellow to bright orange; ray florets female, 2- or 3-toothed, depending on clone, lamina ca. 12 × 7 mm; disk florets male, ca. 7 mm. Immature achenes purple, turning dark brown or black at maturity. Fl. Jun-Sep.	NA	Stems cylindric and hollow; underground part irregularly branched, often producing spindle-shaped tubers 100-200 mm and 30-80 mm in diam.	Lower leaves broadly ovate and hastate or subhastate, connate and auriculate at base; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, without lobes and hastate base; upper and lower surfaces densely pubescent.	Synflorescence terminal, composed of 1-5 branches, each one with 3 capitula; peduncles densely pilose; phyllaries 5, 1-seriate, ovate. Corollas yellow to bright orange; ray florets female, 2- or 3-toothed, depending on clone, lamina ca. 12 × 7 mm; disk florets male, ca. 7 mm.	NA	Immature achenes purple, turning dark brown or black at maturity.	Herbs, perennial, 1-3 m tall.Fl. Jun-Sep.	NA	1083681	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallanthus_sonchifolius
Solidago azorica	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1210433	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidago_azorica
Solidago caesia	Plants (20–)35–80(–100) cm; rhizomes woody, caudexlike. Stems 1–10+, usually blue to purple, glaucous, arching, straight , usually simple, occasionally with 2–3(–4) elongated lateral branches, glabrous or slightly strigose in arrays. Leaves: basal withering by flowering; proximal to mid cauline sessile, blades lanceolate, (47–)70–100(–150) × 8–20(–30) mm, margins serrate (with 0–24 teeth per side), apices acuminate, faces abaxially glabrous or sparsely hairy, adaxially sparsely hairy; distal sessile, blades narrowly lanceolate, (20–)40–70(–100) × (3.4–)5.6–11(–17) mm, margins entire to slightly serrate, faces glabrous or sparsely hairy. Heads 9–380, in short, secund, axillary and terminal racemo-paniculiform clusters (4.4–)13–36(–58) cm. Peduncles 2–10 mm, sparsely to moderately strigose; bracteoles linear, 1–8. Involucres narrowly campanulate, (3.5–)4.8–6(–7.2) mm. Phyllaries in ca. 3 series, unequal, outermost lanceolate (1–1.7 mm), acute, innermost linear-oblong (2.3–4 mm), 1-nerved, obtuse to acute. Ray florets 1–6; laminae (1.5–)2–3(–4) × ca. 1 mm. Disc florets 3–6(–9); corollas 2–3(–4) mm, lobes (0.5–)1–1.5(–2) mm. Cypselae 1–2(–2.5) mm, moderately to densely strigose; pappi 2–3(–3.7) mm.	Rhizomes woody, caudexlike. 	Stems 1–10+, usually blue to purple, glaucous, arching, straight , usually simple, occasionally with 2–3(–4) elongated lateral branches, glabrous or slightly strigose in arrays. 	Leaves: basal withering by flowering; proximal to mid cauline sessile, blades lanceolate, (47–)70–100(–150) × 8–20(–30) mm, margins serrate (with 0–24 teeth per side), apices acuminate, faces abaxially glabrous or sparsely hairy, adaxially sparsely hairy; distal sessile, blades narrowly lanceolate, (20–)40–70(–100) × (3.4–)5.6–11(–17) mm, margins entire to slightly serrate, faces glabrous or sparsely hairy.	Heads 9–380, in short, secund, axillary and terminal racemo-paniculiform clusters (4.4–)13–36(–58) cm. Peduncles 2–10 mm, sparsely to moderately strigose; bracteoles linear, 1–8. Involucres narrowly campanulate, (3.5–)4.8–6(–7.2) mm. Phyllaries in ca. 3 series, unequal, outermost lanceolate (1–1.7 mm), acute, innermost linear-oblong (2.3–4 mm), 1-nerved, obtuse to acute. Ray florets 1–6; laminae (1.5–)2–3(–4) × ca. 1 mm. Disc florets 3–6(–9); corollas 2–3(–4) mm, lobes (0.5–)1–1.5(–2) mm. 	NA	Cypselae 1–2(–2.5) mm, moderately to densely strigose; pappi 2–3(–3.7) mm.	Plants (20–)35–80(–100) cm.	NA	1113549	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidago_caesia
Stevia rebaudiana	Herbs perennial; stems about 1 cm thick, woody at lower part, hard at upper part, much branched, 0.6-1 m high;lower leaves shortly stalked, upper leaves nearly sessile, leaves obovate, spatulate lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-11 cm long, apex obtuse, base tapering decurrent, lower entire, upper obtuse-crenate; heads mostly arranged into scattered corymbs, each head containing 4-6 flowers; involucral bracts 5, lanceolate, outside shortly hairy, equal to flowers; bisexual flowers tubular, corolla white, 5-lobed; stamens exserted, anther apex with appendages, base obtuse; Style stigma 2-lobed, exserted, reverse rolled; fruit minute, slightly fusiform, black-brown, glandular hairy; crown yellowish, shorter than corolla; flowering 7-10 months, fruiting 9-11 months.	NA	Stems about 1 cm thick, woody at lower part, hard at upper part, much branched, 0.6-1 m high.	Lower leaves shortly stalked, upper leaves nearly sessile, leaves obovate, spatulate lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-11 cm long, apex obtuse, base tapering decurrent, lower entire, upper obtuse-crenate. 	Heads mostly arranged into scattered corymbs, each head containing 4-6 flowers; involucral bracts 5, lanceolate, outside shortly hairy, equal to flowers; bisexual flowers tubular, corolla white, 5-lobed; stamens exserted, anther apex with appendages, base obtuse; Style stigma 2-lobed, exserted, reverse rolled;crown yellowish, shorter than corolla.	NA	Fruit minute, slightly fusiform, black-brown, glandular hairy.	Herbs perennial;flowering 7-10 months, fruiting 9-11 months.	NA	1103367	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana
Tagetes erecta	Annuals, 10-120 cm. Leaf blades 30-120(-250) mm overall, principal lobes/leaflets 9-25, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 15-25(-45) × 3-8(-12) mm. Capitula solitary; peduncles 30-100(-150) mm; involucres 10-22+ × (3-)5-12 mm; phyllaries 5-8. Ray florets (3-)5-8(-100 in "double" cultivars); lamina yellow to orange, red-brown (sometimes bi-colored: yellow/ red-brown), or white (some cultivars), flabellate to ovate-quadrate, (2-)12-18(-25) mm. Disk florets (10-)50-120; corollas 7-12 mm. Achenes 6-11 mm; pappus of 0-2 subulate-aristate scales 6-12 mm and 2-4 distinct or connate, linear-oblong, erose scales 2-6+ mm. Fl. Jun-Oct. 2n = 24, 48.	NA	NA	Leaf blades 30-120(-250) mm overall, principal lobes/leaflets 9-25, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 15-25(-45) × 3-8(-12) mm.	Capitula solitary; peduncles 30-100(-150) mm; involucres 10-22+ × (3-)5-12 mm; phyllaries 5-8. Ray florets (3-)5-8(-100 in "double" cultivars); lamina yellow to orange, red-brown (sometimes bi-colored: yellow/ red-brown), or white (some cultivars), flabellate to ovate-quadrate, (2-)12-18(-25) mm. Disk florets (10-)50-120; corollas 7-12 mm.	NA	Achenes 6-11 mm; pappus of 0-2 subulate-aristate scales 6-12 mm and 2-4 distinct or connate, linear-oblong, erose scales 2-6+ mm.	Annuals, 10-120 cm.Fl. Jun-Oct.	2n = 24, 48.	1083758	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetes_erecta
Tagetes patula	Leaves opposite, the upper alternate, elliptic in outline, pinnatisect with narrowly winged midrib, to 20 cm long, glabrous and glandular. Annual to 80 cm high; whole plant aromatic. Capitula loosely corymbose, on long stalks which are thickened near the apex; involucre 15–20 mm long; phyllaries 5–7, connate, glabrous except for apex, glandular. Ray florets yellow, orange or reddish, the ray 5–15 mm long; disc florets many, 10–16 mm long. Achenes black, 7–10 mm long; pappus of 1–2 setae 6–10 mm long and 3–4 scales 3–5 mm long.	NA	NA	Leaves opposite, the upper alternate, elliptic in outline, pinnatisect with narrowly winged midrib, to 20 cm long, glabrous and glandular.	Capitula loosely corymbose, on long stalks which are thickened near the apex; involucre 15–20 mm long; phyllaries 5–7, connate, glabrous except for apex, glandular. Ray florets yellow, orange or reddish, the ray 5–15 mm long; disc florets many, 10–16 mm long.	NA	Achenes black, 7–10 mm long; pappus of 1–2 setae 6–10 mm long and 3–4 scales 3–5 mm long.	Annual to 80 cm high; whole plant aromatic.	NA	1113018	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetes_patula
Tanacetum coccineum	Herbs, perennial; stems 25-50 cm tall, erect, solitary, unbranched or few branched from base, subglabrous. Basal leaves: petiole 2-10 cm; leaf blade ovate or narrowly elliptic, 4-8 × 2.5-4 cm, 2-pinnatisect, both surfaces sparsely pubescent or glabrous; primary lateral segments 5-paired; ultimate segments triangular, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic. Stem leaves similar, sessile or shortly petiolate; leaves below capitula small, pinnatifid or entire. Capitula solitary, terminal. Involucre cup-shaped, 1-1.5 cm in diam; phyllaries in 4 rows, scarious margin brown, outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 3.5 mm, abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, middle and inner ones narrowly elliptic or linear-oblanceolate, ca. 5 mm, abaxially glabrous. Ray florets red; lamina narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.6 cm, apex 2- or 3-denticulate. Achenes ca. 2.5 mm. Corona 0.1-0.2 mm, margin shallowly obtusely lobed. Fl. and fr. May-Oct. 2n = 36.	NA	Stems 25-50 cm tall, erect, solitary, unbranched or few branched from base, subglabrous.	Basal leaves: petiole 2-10 cm; leaf blade ovate or narrowly elliptic, 4-8 × 2.5-4 cm, 2-pinnatisect, both surfaces sparsely pubescent or glabrous; primary lateral segments 5-paired; ultimate segments triangular, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic. Stem leaves similar, sessile or shortly petiolate; leaves below capitula small, pinnatifid or entire.	Capitula solitary, terminal. Involucre cup-shaped, 1-1.5 cm in diam; phyllaries in 4 rows, scarious margin brown, outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 3.5 mm, abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, middle and inner ones narrowly elliptic or linear-oblanceolate, ca. 5 mm, abaxially glabrous. Ray florets red; lamina narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.6 cm, apex 2- or 3-denticulate.	NA	Achenes ca. 2.5 mm. Corona 0.1-0.2 mm, margin shallowly obtusely lobed.	Herbs, perennial.Fl. and fr. May-Oct.	2n = 36.	1097904	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanacetum_coccineum
Tanacetum parthenium	Perennial or annual, pungent aromatic herbs, with many, ± puberulous, striate-angled, erect, 20 – 60 (-80) cm tall, densely leafy stems from ± woody rootstock with fibrous roots. Leaves radical or cauline, punctate glandular on both sides, usually yellowish-green, on slender, canaliculate, 2.5 – 8 cm long petioles, laminas ovate-oblong, 2 – 7 (-8) cm long, 1.5 – 5 cm broad, 1-2-pinnatisect to pinnatipartite into obtuse or subacute ultimate segments, the upper leaves reduced gradually in size, on shot petioles or sessile, glabrous or sparsely to moderately pubescent. Capitula radiate, heterogamous, few to several, upto 20 (-30) on 2 –3.5 cm long peduncles, in terminal dense corymbs borne on 2 – 13 (-15) cm long floral axis. Involucre hemispherical, 2-3-seriate, phyllaries imbricate, outer lanceolate, c. 1.5 mm long, inner oblong-oblanceolate, 3 – 4 (-5) mm long, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, finely scarious and shortly lacerate at the apices. Receptacle convex or occasionally flat. Ray-florets 5-12, female, with oblong, 5 – 6 x 2 – 3 mm, obtusely 3-lobed, white ligules. Disc-florets yellow, with tubular-infundibuliform, 5-toothed, 2.5 – 3 mm long corolla tube. Cypselas oblong, 1 – 1.5 mm long, grayish-brown, with 6 – 8 white ribs and sessile glands, flattish. Pappus coroniform, irregularly lobed, or rarely evenly lobed, 0.1 – 0.5 mm long.	NA	NA	Leaves radical or cauline, punctate glandular on both sides, usually yellowish-green, on slender, canaliculate, 2.5 – 8 cm long petioles, laminas ovate-oblong, 2 – 7 (-8) cm long, 1.5 – 5 cm broad, 1-2-pinnatisect to pinnatipartite into obtuse or subacute ultimate segments, the upper leaves reduced gradually in size, on shot petioles or sessile, glabrous or sparsely to moderately pubescent.	Capitula radiate, heterogamous, few to several, upto 20 (-30) on 2 –3.5 cm long peduncles, in terminal dense corymbs borne on 2 – 13 (-15) cm long floral axis. Involucre hemispherical, 2-3-seriate, phyllaries imbricate, outer lanceolate, c. 1.5 mm long, inner oblong-oblanceolate, 3 – 4 (-5) mm long, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, finely scarious and shortly lacerate at the apices. Receptacle convex or occasionally flat. Ray-florets 5-12, female, with oblong, 5 – 6 x 2 – 3 mm, obtusely 3-lobed, white ligules. Disc-florets yellow, with tubular-infundibuliform, 5-toothed, 2.5 – 3 mm long corolla tube.	NA	Cypselas oblong, 1 – 1.5 mm long, grayish-brown, with 6 – 8 white ribs and sessile glands, flattish. Pappus coroniform, irregularly lobed, or rarely evenly lobed, 0.1 – 0.5 mm long.	Perennial or annual, pungent aromatic herbs	NA	1091340	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanacetum_parthenium
Taraxacum kok-saghyz	Herbs perennial; root neck black-brown residual leaf base, with abundant brown crisped hairs between axils; leaves narrow obovate or oblanceolate, 4.5-5 cm long, undivided, entire or undulate toothed, main veins red; scape 1-3, 7-24 cm high, purplish red, sparsely arachnoid at tip; head 2.5-3 cm in diameter; involucre campanulate, 0.8-1.1 cm long, light green, apex purplish red, dorsum with longer pointed angles, outer lanceolate ovoid or lanceolate, 4-5 mm long, appressed, with white membranous margin, equal or slightly wider than inner layer, inner layer 1.5-2.5 times longer than outer layer; Tongue yellow, tongue ca. 7 mm long, basal tube ca. 5 mm long, marginal tongue abaxially with purple stripes, stigma yellow, achene pale brown,(2-)2.5-3.5 mm long, upper 1/3-1/2 with numerous spinules, rest with tubercles or without tubercles, tip constricted into beak base, beak 1-1.8 mm long, beak 5-6 mm long; cap white, 4-5 mm long;2n=16, 24, 32.	Root neck black-brown residual leaf base, with abundant brown crisped hairs between axils. 	NA	Leaves narrow obovate or oblanceolate, 4.5-5 cm long, undivided, entire or undulate toothed, main veins red; scape 1-3, 7-24 cm high, purplish red, sparsely arachnoid at tip.	Head 2.5-3 cm in diameter; involucre campanulate, 0.8-1.1 cm long, light green, apex purplish red, dorsum with longer pointed angles, outer lanceolate ovoid or lanceolate, 4-5 mm long, appressed, with white membranous margin, equal or slightly wider than inner layer, inner layer 1.5-2.5 times longer than outer layer; Tongue yellow, tongue ca. 7 mm long, basal tube ca. 5 mm long, marginal tongue abaxially with purple stripes, stigma yellow.	NA	Achene pale brown,(2-)2.5-3.5 mm long, upper 1/3-1/2 with numerous spinules, rest with tubercles or without tubercles, tip constricted into beak base, beak 1-1.8 mm long, beak 5-6 mm long; cap white, 4-5 mm long.	Herbs perennial.	2n=16, 24, 32.	1096991	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_kok-saghyz
Taraxacum mongolicum	Herbs 8-25 cm. Petiole usually narrow; leaf blade mid-green, oblanceolate, 6-15 × 2-3.5 cm, subglabrous to sparsely arachnoid, pinnatilobed, pinnatisect, or rarely undivided; lateral lobes 3 or 4 pairs, broadly triangular, obtusely deltoid, or broadly linear, patent to recurved, distal margin sparsely dentate or entire, apex obtuse; interlobes broad, sometimes spotted dark purple, margin entire to sparsely dentate; terminal lobe broadly triangular, apex broadly obtuse. Scapes single or rarely branched with an ascending side scape, brownish green, equaling to slightly overtopping leaves, scattered arachnoid but densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 3-4 cm wide. Involucre mid-green, 1-1.2 cm wide, base ± rounded. Outer phyllaries 9-15, mid-green to pale green, ± not imbricate, linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, outermost ones 6-9 × 0.8-2.5 mm and ca. 1/2 as long as inner ones, loosely appressed, distinctly veined, border indistinct, paler green to membranous, often suffused pink, and 0.1-0.3 mm wide, margin ± densely ciliate, apex with a green or purplish thick horn to 1.5 mm; inner phyllaries 1.1-1.5 cm, apex flat to corniculate. Ligules yellow; outer ligules outside striped grayish purple; inner ligules with blackish to purple apical teeth. Stigmas pale green. Anthers polliniferous; pollen grains irregular in size. Achene ± brown to grayish brown, 4.2-4.6 × 1.1-1.3 mm; body tuberculate throughout, apically densely tuberculate-squamulose, gradually narrowing into a subconic 1-1.2 mm cone; beak 7-10 mm. Pappus yellowish, ca. 6 mm. Fl. spring, occasionally also to late summer. Agamosperm. 2n = 24*.	NA	NA	Petiole usually narrow; leaf blade mid-green, oblanceolate, 6-15 × 2-3.5 cm, subglabrous to sparsely arachnoid, pinnatilobed, pinnatisect, or rarely undivided; lateral lobes 3 or 4 pairs, broadly triangular, obtusely deltoid, or broadly linear, patent to recurved, distal margin sparsely dentate or entire, apex obtuse; interlobes broad, sometimes spotted dark purple, margin entire to sparsely dentate; terminal lobe broadly triangular, apex broadly obtuse. Scapes single or rarely branched with an ascending side scape, brownish green, equaling to slightly overtopping leaves, scattered arachnoid but densely arachnoid below capitulum.	Capitulum 3-4 cm wide. Involucre mid-green, 1-1.2 cm wide, base ± rounded. Outer phyllaries 9-15, mid-green to pale green, ± not imbricate, linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, outermost ones 6-9 × 0.8-2.5 mm and ca. 1/2 as long as inner ones, loosely appressed, distinctly veined, border indistinct, paler green to membranous, often suffused pink, and 0.1-0.3 mm wide, margin ± densely ciliate, apex with a green or purplish thick horn to 1.5 mm; inner phyllaries 1.1-1.5 cm, apex flat to corniculate. Ligules yellow; outer ligules outside striped grayish purple; inner ligules with blackish to purple apical teeth. Stigmas pale green.Anthers polliniferous; pollen grains irregular in size. 	NA	Achene ± brown to grayish brown, 4.2-4.6 × 1.1-1.3 mm; body tuberculate throughout, apically densely tuberculate-squamulose, gradually narrowing into a subconic 1-1.2 mm cone; beak 7-10 mm. Pappus yellowish, ca. 6 mm.	Herbs 8-25 cm.Fl. spring, occasionally also to late summer. Agamosperm.	2n = 24*.	1103663	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_mongolicum
Tragopogon pratensis	Mostly biennial, 1.5-8 dm; lvs elongate, to 30 × 2 cm, rather abruptly narrowed a little above the base, and tending to have the margins somewhat crisped, cirrhose-recurved at the tip, slightly floccose when young, soon glabrous; peduncles not enlarging in fl and scarcely so in fr; invol bracts typically 8, 12-24 mm in fl, equaling or shorter than the chrome- yellow rays, elongating to 18-38 mm in fr; achenes 15-25 mm, rather abruptly contracted to the slender, relatively short beak, the body not much shorter than in our other spp.; pappus whitish; 2n=12. Roadsides, fields, and waste places, commonly in slightly moister habitats than no. 2 [Tragopogon dubius Scop.]; native of Europe, now widely established in our range and westward. May-Aug.	NA	NA	Leaves elongate, to 30 × 2 cm, rather abruptly narrowed a little above the base, and tending to have the margins somewhat crisped, cirrhose-recurved at the tip, slightly floccose when young, soon glabrous.	Peduncles not enlarging in fl and scarcely so in fr; invol bracts typically 8, 12-24 mm in fl, equaling or shorter than the chrome- yellow rays, elongating to 18-38 mm in fr.	NA	Achenes 15-25 mm, rather abruptly contracted to the slender, relatively short beak, the body not much shorter than in our other spp.; pappus whitish.	Mostly biennial, 1.5-8 dm	2n = 12.	1091612	https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragopogon_pratensis