The B. napus population in database comprises 2,311 B. napus accessions, including 1,259 from Asia, 929 from Europe, 60 from North America, two from South America, 38 from Oceania and four from Africa. Three ecotypes, including spring (354 accessions), winter (756 accessions) and semi-winter (1,122 accessions), were included in the population. "Unknown" indicates that the ecotype or origin of the accession is unknown in previous reports^[1-4].

To explore the candidate regions potentially effected by selection, nucleotide diversity (π) and population fixation statistics (F_ST) were calculated, respectively. π was calculated with expected heterozygosity per site derived from the average number of sequence differences in three subpopulations (winter, spring and semi-winter) with VCFtools (v0.1.13) in a 500-kb sliding window with a step size of 50 kb^[5]. F_ST, which indicates genomic differentiation between populations, was calculated for each pair of subpopulations using VCFtools (v0.1.13) in a same windows size as that of π. The outlier of F_ST were determined as windows with the top 5% of F_ST values, indicating divergent selection of the regions. To explore the selection pressure of genes in B. napus genome during domestication, Ka, Ks and Ka/Ks ratio were calculated for orthologous gene pairs of B. napus and its ancestors, B. rapa and B. oleracea, with Ka/Ks_ Calculator ^[6](v 2.0). Selection signals were calculated based on ZS11 and Darmor-bzh reference genome, respectively.